Charting methods,

Acceptable comprehensive methods of analysis include analytical and chart methods which provide an evaluation of the forces, moments, and stresses caused by displacement strains. 

Acceptable comprehensive methods of analysis are analytical, model-test, and chart methods, which evaluate for the entire piping system under consideration the forces, moments, and stresses caused by bending and torsion from a simultaneous consideration of terminal and intermediate restraints to thermal expansion and include all external movements transmitted under thermal change to the piping by its terminal and intermediate attachments. Correction factors, as provided by the details of these rules, must be applied for the stress intensification of curved pipe and branch connections and may be applied for the increased flexibihty of such component parts. 

However, in the case of a root cause analysis system, a much more comprehensive evaluation of the structure of the accident is required. This is necessary to unravel the often complex chain of events and contributing causes that led to the accident occurring. A number of techniques are available to describe complex accidents. Some of these, such as STEP (Sequential Timed Event Plotting) involve the use of charting methods to track the ways in which process and human events combine to give rise to accidents. CCPS (1992d) describes many of these techniques. A case study involving a hydrocarbon leak is used to illustrate the STEP technique in Chapter 7 of this book. The STEP method and related techniques will be described in Section 6.8.3. 

Figure 7-23. Liquids viscosity correction using chart method for Kp. By permission, Teledyne Farris Engineering Co.

Figure 12-12A. Illustration of isentropic path on log pressure-enthalpy diagram, showing Mollier chart method of finding final temperature and calculation of H for reversible and adiabatic compression. (Used by permission Edmister, W. C. Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics, 1961. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, Texas. All rights reserved.)...

The first reason the chart method is not recommended for acid gases is that the chart is limited to gases with gravities less than 1.0. Typical acid gas mixtures have gravities greater than 1.1 (see table 2.1). The second reason is the chart was developed for sweet gas. It should be used with caution for sour gases and never used for acid gas. 

Power supply, 9 from a not gas stream, 12 generation with steam, 11 Pressure control, 42,44,51,52,59,60 Pressure drop cyclone separators, 617 gas-solid flow, 119-120 granular beds, 117 heat exchanger example, 193, 194 heat exchangers, 188 non-Newtonian flow, 106-109 wire mesh pads, 616 Pressure drop, piplines, 92 chart method, 96 two-phase flow, 116 typical values, 95 Ptaskie vessel code, ASME, 625 Prilling, 361,362 equipment size, 367 flowsketch, 366 operating, data. 367 products of, 367 size distribution, 362 Prism membrane separation process, 633 643... 

Performance test results should be plotted on charts for trend analysis. Statistical quality control charting methods are used to detect statistically significant changes in instrument performance. Action limits can be set for test charts based on historical data so that appropriate repairs can be made when necessary. Examples of unacceptable instrument performance may be valuable in setting action limits for future performance tests. 

Nelson EC, Wasson JH, Kirk JQ. Assessment of function in routine clinical practice description of the COOP chart method and preliminary findings. J Chronic Dis 1987 40 (suppl 1) 55S-63. 

Post RM, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, et al. Morbidity in 258 bipolar outpatients followed for 1 year with daily prospective ratings on the NIMH life chart method. J Clin Psychiatry 2003 64 680-690. 

Statistical process control methods may be used to demonstrate that a process had been validated (i.e., is in a state of control). The control chart method of analysis and presentation of data may for instance be used to document the variations that occur in the central tendency and dispersion of a set of observations relating to a specific quality characteristic. 

Control chart methods are very valuable in monitoring and controlling microbial contamination within a food establishment [24,25]. A control chart is a simple graph on which the microbial population numbers at a specific environmental site (sink, countertop, etc.) are recorded over time [24,25], The control chart s vertical axis most commonly is scaled to microbial population numbers (Fig. 2). It is termed a mean control chart because the center horizontal line represents the average target value of the process being measured. 

If all test result values are above the LOQ, the distribution is normal, and the variance is constant, the regression control chart method or the slope control chart method may be applied to the data. 

This chapter deals with relatively simple ways to use control charts to monitor the performance of ELIS As. A rinderpest competition ELISA, for the estimation of antibodies in serum samples, is used to demonstrate the methods. This assay is available in kit form. Constant evaluation of the use of the kit is part of what is called internal quality control (IQC). Figure 1 shows an overview of the ELISA scheme described in this chapter. The details of the procedure, which involves plotting the data graphically (charting methods), are explained herein. The objectives of charting data are as follows ... 

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