Yellow balsam

In another study, the EO of the leaves of the Euphorbiaceae Croton flavens L. (yellow balsam) from Guadeloupe, a native plant from the Caribbean area, was analyzed by Sylvestre et al. (2006) and as main components viridiflorene (12.2%), germacrone (5.3%), (E )-Y-bisabolene (5.3%), and P-caryophyllene (4.9%) ascertained. The EO was found to be active against human lung carcinoma cell line A-549 and human colon adenocarcinoma cell line DLD-1. Three of the 47 components of the EO, namely a-cadinol, P-elemene, and a-humulene, showed also a cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines. Yu et al. (2007) tested the EO of the rhizome of the Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia mollissima for its cytotoxicity on four human cancer cell lines (ACHN, Bel-7402, Hep G2, HeLa). The rhizome oil possessed a significantly greater cytotoxic effect on these cell lines than the oil from the aerial plant. 

Amyris Oil. Obtained by steam distillation of the wood of y m hakamijera L., the so-called West Indian sandalwood which is indigenous to northern South America, Central America, and the West Indies, amyris oil [8015-65-4] is a pale yellow to brownish yellow viscous oil with a slightly oily-sweet and occasionally peppery balsamic woody note. It finds use as a blender and fixative for soap fragrances. The volatile constituents, which are primarily hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes, are shown in Table 22 and Figure 5 (63). 

Pimento Berry Oil. The pimento or allspice tree, Pimenta dioca L. (syn. P. officinalis, Liadl.), a native of the West Indies and Central America, yields two essential oils of commercial importance pimento berry oil and pimenta leaf oil. The leaf oil finds some use ia perfumery for its resemblance to clove leaf and cinnamon leaf oils as a result of its high content of eugenol. Pimento berry oil is an item of commerce with extensive appHcation by the flavor industry ia food products such as meat sauces, sausages, and pickles, and moderate use ia perfumery, where it is used primarily as a modifier ia the modem spicy types of men s fragrances. The oil is steam-distilled from dried, cmshed, fully grown but unripe fmits. It is a pale yellow Hquid with a warm-spicy, sweet odor with a fresh, clean topnote, a tenacious, sweet-balsamic-spicy body, and a tea-like undertone. A comparative analysis of the headspace volatiles of ripe pimento berries and a commercial oil has been performed and differences are shown ia Table 52 (95). 

Turpentine Oil. The world s largest-volume essential oil, turpentine [8006-64-2] is produced ia many parts of the world. Various species of piaes and balsamiferous woods are used, and several different methods are appHed to obtain the oils. Types of turpentines include dry-distiUed wood turpentine from dry distillation of the chopped woods and roots of pines steam-distilled wood turpentine which is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood and sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of sulfate ceUulose. From a perfumery standpoint, steam-distilled wood turpentine is the only important turpentine oil. It is rectified to yield pine oil, yellow or white as well as wood spirits of turpentine. Steam-distilled turpentine oil is a water-white mobile Hquid with a refreshing warm-balsamic odor. American turpentine oil contains 25—35% P-pinene (22) and about 50% a-pinene (44). European and East Indian turpentines are rich in a-pinene (44) withHtfle P-pinene (22), and thus are exceUent raw materials... 

Monomer Preparation, my]. Balsamic ftci-fl—Allyl amine (84.4 g 1.481 mol) in 100 mL of dichloromethane was added dropwise to recrystallized maleic anhydride (132 g 1.348 mol) in 500 mL of dichloromethane at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 hr at room temperature and then filtered to obtain 206 g (99% of theory) of pale yellow crystals, m.p. 110-112°C. 

Copaiba (balsam) oils are obtained by steam distillation of the exudate (balsam) from the trunk of several species of Copaifera L. (Fabaceae), a genus of trees growing in the Amazon basin. They are colorless to light yellow liquids with the characteristic odor of the corresponding balsams and an aromatic, slightly bitter, pungent taste. 

Gurjun balsam oil is produced by steam distillation of balsams obtained from several Dipterocarpus species (Dipterocarpaceae) the trees grow in South and East Asia. The oil is a yellow, slightly viscous liquid with a weak, woodlike odor. 

Lavender oil is produced by steam distillation of freshly cut, flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae). It is a pale yellow, amber-tinged liquid with a fresh, sweet, floral, herbaceous odor on a woody balsamic base. 

Myrrh resinoids are obtained in 20-45% yield by extracting the gum with suitable solvents (e.g., toluene, hexane). They are wax-like, brown-yellow to red-brown masses with a balsamic odor and an aromatic bitter taste. Specifications depend on the solvents used. 

Olibanum oil and olibanum resinoid are obtained from frankincense, which is a gum resin collected from the bark of the tree Boswellia carterii Birdw. or B. frereana Birdw. (Burseraceae) growing in Arabia and Somalia. The resinoid is produced by solvent extraction, and steam distillation gives the oil, which is a pale yellow, slightly viscous liquid with a balsamic odor and a faint lemon note. 

Opopanax oil and opopanax resinoid are obtained from the resin of Commiphora erythraea Engl. var. glabrescens Engl., a tree growing in Somalia (Burseraceae). The resinoid is prepared by solvent extraction, and steam distillation of the resin gives the essential oil, which is a yellow to greenish-yellow liquid with a warm, sweet, balsamic odor. 

Peru balsam oil is obtained by distillation of the balsam of the tree Myroxylon pereira (Royle) Klotzsch (Fabaceae), called peru balsam. It is a yellow to pale brown, slightly viscous liquid, which may form crystals. The oil has a rather sweet, balsamic odor. 

Canadian fir needle oil (balsam fir oil) is produced in Canada and in several northern states of the United States from needles and twigs of Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. It is an almost colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pleasant balsamic odor. 

Steam distillation of the balsam gives styrax oil, a light yellow liquid that contains a relatively large amount of cinnamic acid, which partially crystallizes [783]. Styrax oil has a sweet-balsamic odor with a styrene-like top note. It is used in perfumery in flowery compositions, [8024-01-9], [94891-27-7], [94891-28-8]. 

For hundreds of years the essential oil of lavender has been well appreciated for perfumery purposes [72]. Lavender oil is obtained by steam distillation from the fresh-flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Miller (Lavandula officinalis Chaix) [73]. It is a colourless or pale yellow, clear liquid, with a fresh, sweet, floral, herbaceous odour on a woody balsamic base [73, 74]. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, characteristic components of lavender oils are limonene, cineol, 3-octanone, camphor, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, lavandulyl acetate, lavandulol and a-terpineol. Adulterations commonly include blends of lavender oils with lavandin oil or spike oil, and the addition of synthetic linalool and linalyl acetate. In contrast, genuine lavender oils contain as main constituents (i )-linalyl acetate and (i )-linalool of high enantiomeric purity (Fig. 17.14). 

Toluol.—When tolu balsam is distilled, there passes over a large quantity of benzoic, mixed with a little cinnamic acid, and a yellow liquid, which is a mixture of toluol and benzoic ether. By redistilling this, so as only to collect the portions which pass over hetweas 265° and 285°, a distillate is obtained, which, when deprived of benzole acid by distillation with solid caustic potaaaa, possesses the properties which belong to toluol. 

Balsam of copaiba, nine ounces lamp-black, three ounces Indigo and Prussian blue, ground together in equal proportions, one and a quarter ounce Indian red, throe-fburths of au ounce thy, yellow turpentine soap, three ounces r this mixture Is to be ground, by means of a slab and mullor, to an impalpable smoothness, It is stated that this iuk possesses a beautiful color, but appears to work foul. 

Botany Bay Resin, said to be the produco of acaroie resinifem, is of a yellow hue, brittle, and of a slightly astringent taste. -It exhales a fragrant odor when heated, and dissolves In aloohol and ether. It resembles tolu balsam in containing cinnamic, and a small quantity of benzoio add. 

Balsam Pem Oil occurs as a yellow to pale brown, slightly viscous liquid having a sweet, balsamic odor. It is obtained by extraction or distillation of Pemvian Balsam obtained from Myroxylon pereirae Royle Klotzsche (Fam. Leguminosae). Occasionally, crystals may occur within the liquid. It is soluble in most fixed oils, and is soluble, with turbidity, in mineral oil. It is partly soluble in propylene glycol, but it is practically insoluble in glycerin. 

Copaiba Oil occurs as a colorless to slightly yellow liquid with the characteristic odor of copaiba balsam and an aromatic, slightly bitter and pungent taste. It is the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation of copaiba balsam, an exudate from the trunk of various South American species of Copaifera L. (Fam. Leguminosae). It is soluble in alcohol, in most fixed oils, and in mineral oil. It is insoluble in glycerin and practically insoluble in propylene glycol. 

Labdanum Oil occurs as a golden yellow, viscous liquid with a powerful, balsamic odor, which on dilution, is reminiscent of ambergris. It turns dark brown on standing. It is the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation from crude labdanum gum extracted from the perennial shrub Cistus ladaniferus L. (Fam. 

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