Turpentine yellowing

Turpentine Oil. The world s largest-volume essential oil, turpentine [8006-64-2] is produced ia many parts of the world. Various species of piaes and balsamiferous woods are used, and several different methods are appHed to obtain the oils. Types of turpentines include dry-distiUed wood turpentine from dry distillation of the chopped woods and roots of pines steam-distilled wood turpentine which is steam-distilled from pine wood or from solvent extracts of the wood and sulfate turpentine, which is a by-product of the production of sulfate ceUulose. From a perfumery standpoint, steam-distilled wood turpentine is the only important turpentine oil. It is rectified to yield pine oil, yellow or white as well as wood spirits of turpentine. Steam-distilled turpentine oil is a water-white mobile Hquid with a refreshing warm-balsamic odor. American turpentine oil contains 25—35% P-pinene (22) and about 50% a-pinene (44). European and East Indian turpentines are rich in a-pinene (44) withHtfle P-pinene (22), and thus are exceUent raw materials... 

Physical Form. Volatile liquid, colorless or yellow, which is a mixture of natural substances obtained ftom resinous exudates or resinous wood ftom living or dead coniferous trees, especially pine trees. The chemical composition can vary with the source and method of derivation, but a typical analysis of turpentine is a-pinene, 82.5% camphene, 8.7% (3-pinene, 2.1% unidentified natural turpenes, 6.8%. 

The resin insoluble in ether is devoid of taste and odor, and is of a brownish-yellow tint. It is soluble in alcohol and the alkalies, but is not taken up by oils of turpentine and almonds. 

The reBia soluble in ether possesses the odor of sagapenum in a slight degree its taste la mild, subsequently bitter its color, reddish-yellow. It is soluble in alcohol, and partially so in oils of turpentine and almonds. Sulphuric acid dissolves it, forming a blood-red menstruum, from wlilch a violet-tinged matter is separated by the addition of water. 

This resin is soluble in the cold in alcohol, ether, benzol, turpentine, bisulphide of carbon, and ebloro form all these liquids, when evaporated, leave as residue the amorphous resin. Dilute acids, concentrated alkaline solutions, and ammonia, do not attack the yellow resin. Monohydra tod sulphuric and nitric acids act upon it rapidly, producing phenomena analogous to those exhibited with the other two principles. Hydrochloric acid, even in ite sate rated solution at 68°, a without action upon it. But the most remarkable character of this resin Is the power of forming, under the circumstances already indicator , those globose crystals covered with a white pellicle of anothor resin, and presenting In their complex form the appearance of opaline spherules. 

Balsam of copaiba, nine ounces lamp-black, three ounces Indigo and Prussian blue, ground together in equal proportions, one and a quarter ounce Indian red, throe-fburths of au ounce thy, yellow turpentine soap, three ounces r this mixture Is to be ground, by means of a slab and mullor, to an impalpable smoothness, It is stated that this iuk possesses a beautiful color, but appears to work foul. 

Colophony—Common Rosin.—This is the residue remaining on the distillation of common turpentine it retains more or less water, and is known as white and yellow resin, being in this state translucent, and often slightly viscid. When deprived of water by fusion, it is termed brown or black resin, colophony, rosin, or fiddler s rosin. 

A great number of hydrocarbons come from petroleum (crude oil). Coal and natural gas provide several others. Many more are produced by nature — natural rubber, turpentine, camphor, to mention a few. Even the red coloring of tomatoes and the yellow of carrots are hydrocarbons. 

This is tin- product of the distillation of natural turpentine, and, after i ect ific.it ion, consists of a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic odour it is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene or petroleum ethoi. Under the action of air and light, it gradually turns yellow and... 

With oil of turpentine quite free from resin spirit, the liquids remain colourless or assume a tint varying from yellowish to brownish (never green). With oil of turpentine containing resin spirit (even 5%) the acid liquids are coloured orange-yellow and the supernatant oily layers are more or less intense emerald green, according to the quantity and quality of the resin spirit present. 

With pure oil of turpentine no coloration is observed, even after prolonged action of the bromine vapour when admixed resin spirit is present, a yellow coloration appears after a period more or less prolonged according to the amount of resin spirit present. If the supply of bromine vapour is then stopped, the yellow colour gradually changes to green. 

This is the solid residue left when turpentine is distilled for the preparation of oil of turpentine. It consists essentially of resin acids and their oxidation products and forms brittle, translucent masses with a peculiar resinous odour and a colour varying from pale yellow to dark brown D = 1 05-1 085. It is readily soluble in alcohol (1 part in 10 parts of 70% alcohol) and dissolves also in methyl or amyl alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform, carbon disulphide or oil of turpentine in petroleum ether it is not completely soluble. It is easily and completely saponified by caustic soda solution. Addition of a drop of concentrated sulphuric add to a solution of a small quantity of colophony in acetic anhydride produces an intense violet-red or purple coloration, soon changing to yellowish-brown. Different types or grades of colophony are sold, distinguished mainly by the colour and origin. 

Uses Toxaphene is a yellow to amber, waxy solid that smells like turpentine. It does not bum and readily changes to vapor when in solution. Toxaphene in soil vaporizes to air or stick or soil particles. Toxaphene is a mixture containing more than 670 chemicals.12,14... 

Polyphenyldiethylsiloxane varnishes are solutions of phenyldiethylsi-loxane polymer in petrol, toluene or a mixture of petrol and turpentine. They are liquids ranging in colour from yellow to brown. The varnishes are heat-resistant they are used to produce insulating materials for temperatures up to 180 °C and high humidity. Heat-resistant insulation of polyphenyldiethylsiloxane varnishes is widely used in electric engines, in rotors of turbogenerators, etc. 

When white phosphorus is treated with liquid ammonia it is converted into red phosphorus with simultaneous formation of amide and nitride.1 White phosphorus, when dissolved in turpentine, phosphorus tribromide and certain other solvents, is converted into red phosphorus by heating for several hours at 290° C.2 Red phosphorus may be deposited when phosphorus vapour is suddenly cooled (see p. 10), and it was early shown that on account of its small vapour pressure this form might be condensed in the hotter part of a tube (at 300° C.) from vapour derived from white phosphorus in the cooler part of the tube.3 All varieties of phosphorus when strongly heated in sealed tubes may be converted into yellow liquids which deposit red crystals at about 550° C. 

Pine Needle Oil, Scotch Type, occurs as a colorless or yellow liquid with an aromatic, turpentine odor. It is the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation from the needles of Pinus sylvestris L. (Fam. Pinaceae). It is soluble in most fixed oils soluble, with faint opalescence, in mineral oil and slightly soluble in propylene glycol. It is practically insoluble in glycerin. 

Toxaphene (CAS toxaphene mixture [8001-35-2]) or Camphechlor was introduced in 1945 by Hercules Inc. as a non-systemic pesticide under the product name Hercules 3956 [5,20]. The crude product (see below) is a yellow to amber waxy solid that smells like turpentine [21]. The major producer remained Hercules Inc. although other producers also introduced similar products on the market (see Table 2). 

---