Gurjun balsam oil

When rectified gurjun balsam oil, that is, a mixture of a- and /3-gurjunene, is saturated in ethereal solution with hydrochloric acid gas, and the mixture is left standing for two days at room temperature, and the hydrochloric acid abstracted by heating with sodium acetate, the regenerated sesquiterpene appears to be a bicyclic compound having the following characters —... 

Gurjun balsam oil is produced by steam distillation of balsams obtained from several Dipterocarpus species (Dipterocarpaceae) the trees grow in South and East Asia. The oil is a yellow, slightly viscous liquid with a weak, woodlike odor. 

Gurjun balsam oil and gurjun balsams are used for their good fixative properties, e.g., in soap perfumes and serve also as a starting material for the production of guaiazulene. FCT 1976 (14) p.789, p. 791 [50J0-55-5]. 

Cedarwood Oil, Copaiba Balsam Oil and Gurjun Balsam Oil.—These volatile oils lend themselves readily to the adulteration of many essential oils, owing to their cheapness and slight odour. 

Carvone (56%), terpenes, linalool Cedarwood oil, gurjun balsam oil... 

It consists almost entirely of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and its main component (>60%) is a-gurjunene [489-40-7] [543]. Other qualities of gurjun balsam oil containing calarene [17334-55-3] and a-copaene [38565-25-5] as main constituents are also found on the market. 

The author, a few years ago, observed a new adulterant in Bulgarian otto of rose, which caused the optical rotation to be abnormally high. This has since been identified by Schimmel Co. as gurjun balsam oil. This is detected by mixing 5 drops of nitric acid with 5 c.c. of glacial acetic acid, and then shaking with 5 drops of the otto in question. In the presence of gurjun oil a reddish-violet colour develops within a minute or two. 

The presence of gurjun balsam oil in copaiba oil may be confirmed by the preparation of gurjene ketone semi-carbazone. The oil is fractionated under 10 to 12 mm. pressure. The portion boiling above 145 is rejected. The lower fractions are oxidised with potassium permanganate in acetone solution. The semi-carbazone melts at 234 C. and has a specific rotation + 317 in chloral hydrate solution. 

The so-called wood oil or gurjun balsam oil is the product of the distillation of the oleo-resin from several species of Dipterocarpus. Gurjun balsam resembles copaiba in its general characters, and is often used to adulterate the latter drug. On distillation from 45 to 70 per cent, of essential oil is obtained, which has the following characters —... 

The principal adiili -ratioas of copaiba sad Its oil are the correspoading haUaniS and oils knowm us. African copaiba (probably obtained from O.n/stiqnui Mannii and gurjun balsam). 

Santalol (90-98%) Cedarwood, gurjun balsam, copaiba and castor oils... 

Oleoresin from various species of Dipterocarpus, Dipierocar-pcceae. Habit. Eastern India, Burma, Constit. About 75% volatile oil, boiling at about 255° gurjunic acid, resin, bitter substance so] in water. Isoln of an optically inactive sesquiterpene i-elemene, from gurjun balsam Gough, Powell,... 

Another pertinent point is how much twig and leaf material can be used in juniper berry oil. In Indonesia, it is common practice to space individual layers of patchouli leaves in the distillation vessel with twigs of the gurjun tree. Gurjun balsam present in the twigs contains an essential oil that contaminates the patchouli oil. Can this be considered to constitute an adulteration or simply a tool required for the production of the oil ... 

The fruit oil contains up to 76% of P phellandrene and a-pinene (13%) as main ingredients. As no chiral values for the p-phellandrene are described in literature, it must be assumed that adulteration is done by this compound. p-Phellandrene is naturally available by geranyl diphosphate cycling (BRENDA, BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase) 2007. For adulteration copaiva balm, gurjun balsam, lovage root oil, and amyris oil were used in the past. Cheap a-pinene can also be used to improve the composition. 

Bergamot oil is adulterated in various ways, e.g., with oil of turpentine, oil or terpenes of lemon, orange terpenes, fatty oils, waxes, resin, gurjun and Canada balsam, cedarwood oil, mineral oils, chlorinated compounds of oil of turpentine, organic acids, various esters (diethyl succinate, triethyl citrate, diethyl oxalate, terpinyl acetate, esters of oleic, phthalic, tartaric and acetic acids). Such adulteration is usually made judiciously, the genuine oil being treated with such quantities of one or more picked adulterants as will not alter too markedly the characters of the oil itself.1... 

Balsam bol-s3m [L balsamum, fr. Gk bal-samon, prob. of Semitic origin akin to Hebrew basham balsam] (before 12c) n. Oleoresinous exudations from plants, which are characterized by softness or a semi liquid consistency. They consist of mixtures of resin, essential oils, and other compounds. Typical balsams are Canada, gurjun, Peru, tolu, and storax balsams. Merriam-Webster s collegiate dictionary, 11th edn. Merriam-Webster Inc., Spring-field, MA, 2004. 

---