Waxes, animal plant

Waxes Mostly plants but also some animals Fast... 

Other lipid components include the fatty alcohols which are formed by reduction of the acids. These are esterified with fatty acids to form waxes. Both fatty alcohols and free fatty acids occur in waxes together with the esterified forms. These mixtures are found on exterior surfaces of plants and animals. Plants and, to a limited extent, animals are able to decarboxy-late fatty acids in a multistep process to alkanes and these too are important constituents of some waxes. Small amounts of fatty acid amides such as czs-9,10-octadecenoamide are present in low concentrations in... 

Waxes Waxes were classically defined as esters of a fatty acid with a fatty alcohol (e.g. beeswax), but this no longer holds as many waxes are not covered by that definition [28], Therefore, a definition based on physical properties has been proposed [29], The global market for waxes is relatively small (estimated to be 3.4 million tons/year), comprising mainly natural, fossil paraffin waxes (90%) and synthetic polyolefin and Fischer-Tropsch waxes [28], So-called recent natural waxes (animal and plant waxes) make up a small percentage with only 28,000 tons/year. 

Plant Resin Formulations, Sometimes compounded with shellac, as in DeKhotinsky cement, these compounds have long been used as hot-melt glues. Likewise, waxes of plant and animal origin have also been used as hot-melt adhesives (22). They all should be reversible by application of heat, possibly in conjunction with solvent action in the more diflScult cases. 

Products and Uses Derived from many sources including animal, plant, and synthetic. Varied uses include polishes, carbon paper, floor wax, candles, crayons, sealants, cosmetics, and for protecting food products. 

Collective name for resins of plant or animal origin - the sole example of the latter that has attained technical importance is shellac (shellac wax). The plant natural resins are based on secretions exudates) of particular plants, mostly trees, from natural or artificial (cuts in the bark) injuries. These exudates normally occur in the form of sticky masses that harden in the air as a result of evaporation of volatile components and/or polymerization and oxidation reactions. 

They are predominantly straight chained and monohydric, and can be saturated or have one or more double bonds. Alcohols with a carbon chain length above C22 are referred to as wax alcohols. Diols whose chain length exceeds are regarded as substituted fatty alcohols. The character of the fatty alcohols (primary or secondary, linear or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated) is determined by the manufacturing process and the raw materials used. Depending on the raw materials used, fatty alcohols are classified as natural or synthetic. Natural fatty alcohols are based on renewable resources such as fats, oils, and waxes of plant or animal origin, whereas synthetic fatty alcohols are produced from petrochemicals such as olefins and paraffins. 

Wax esters Fatty acids esterified to long-chain alcohols with similar aliphatic chains to the acids Ubiquitous in animal, plant, and microbial (issues various functions... 

The waxes have a protective function. In animals they keep feathers, skin and hair soft, pliable and water repellant, while the cuticle waxes of plants protect them both from dehydration and from invasion by harmful organisms. 

Wax esters in their most abundant form consist of fatty acids esterified to long-chain alcohols with similar aliphatic chains to the acids. They are found in animal, plant and microbial tissues and have a variety of functions, such as acting as energy stores, waterproofing and even echo-location. The fatty acids may be straight-chain saturated or monoenoic with up to 30 carbons, but branched-chain and a- and co-hydroxy acids are present on occasion similar features are found in the alcohol moieties. 

Waxes are water repelling solids that are part of the protective coatings of a number of living things including the leaves of plants the fur of animals and the feathers of birds They are usually mixtures of esters m which both the alkyl and acyl group are unbranched and contain a dozen or more carbon atoms Beeswax for example contains the ester triacontyl hexadecanoate as one component of a complex mixture of hydrocar bons alcohols and esters... 

Wax (Section 26 5) A mixture of water repellent substances that form a protective coating on the leaves of plants the fur of animals and the feathers of birds among other things A principal component of a wax is often an ester in which both the acyl portion and the alkyl portion are characterized by long carbon chains... 

Plants and animals are themselves highly effective chemical factories and they synthesize many carbon compounds useful to man. These include sugars, starches, plant oils and waxes, fats, gelatin, dyes, drugs, and fibers. 

Saturated fatty acids may be envisaged as based on acetic acid (CId3—COOH) as the first member of the series in which —CHj— is progressively added between the terminal CHj— and —COOH groups. Examples are shown in Table 14-1. Other higher members of the series are known to occur, particularly in waxes. A few branched-chain fatty acids have also been Isolated from both plant and animal sources. 

These are the esters of long-chain fatty acids and long-chain fatty alcohols. Usually, only the alcohols are saturated and monoenoic, whereas the fatty adds may be more highly unsaturated, as in most marine waxes. They are found in both animal and plant tissues as well as in some microorganisms. They are quite common in insects. They reserve energy in aquatic animals, aid in echolocation, and play a vital role in waterproofing. 

In a sensitive and specific colorimetric method 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethane is extracted from plant or animal tissue, using benzene or petroleum ether as the solvent. The solvent is evaporated at room temperature by a current of air and the residue dehydroha log ena ted with 2% alcoholic potassium hydroxide. By petroleum ether extraction the resulting 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-ethylene is removed from the reaction mixture. After the solvent is removed by air evaporation the dehydroha log ena ted methoxychlor is isolated from the nonsaponifiable portion of the fats and waxes by dissolving the residue in hot acetone, chilling, and filtering. After the acetone is removed by air evaporation, the residue is treated with 85% sulfuric acid. This produces a red solution with an absorption maximum at 555 m/z, the intensity of which can be read on a colorimeter and is a function of the methoxychlor concentration. Beer s law is obeyed over the range of 1 to 50 micrograms. 

Plants were probably the first to have polyester outerwear, as the aerial parts of higher plants are covered with a cuticle whose structural component is a polyester called cutin. Even plants that live under water in the oceans, such as Zoestra marina, are covered with cutin. This lipid-derived polyester covering is unique to plants, as animals use carbohydrate or protein polymers as their outer covering. Cutin, the insoluble cuticular polymer of plants, is composed of inter-esterified hydroxy and hydroxy epoxy fatty acids derived from the common cellular fatty acids and is attached to the outer epidermal layer of cells by a pectinaceous layer (Fig. 1). The insoluble polymer is embedded in a complex mixture of soluble lipids collectively called waxes [1], Electron microscopic examination of the cuticle usually shows an amorphous appearance but in some plants the cuticle has a lamellar appearance (Fig. 2). 

Differentiation can be defined as the process of specialisation in terms of shape and function. An example is cell differentiation in plants, animals and humans a young cell, which is initially multifunctional, gradually acquires one specific function and shape. Specialisation is a refinement that is expressed in terms of shape, scent and colour. For example, fruits ripen, leaves change colour in the autumn, the growth of a shoot ends in a terminal bud and seeds become dormant. The primary components are converted into secondary components such as phenols, vitamins, aromas, wax, and so on. Thus differentiation in this context has a broader meaning than only the formation of a new plant organ . 

Other waxes have not been studied to the same extent as beeswax. They derive from a variety of plant, animal and also mineral sources, as described in Chapter 1, where more detailed information on their chemical composition is reported. HTGC/MS analysis after solvent extraction has been successfully used to identify spermaceti, candellila and Japan waxes which have been used in the manufacture of works of art [37]. In particular, in the case of spermaceti wax it has been possible to understand the structure of the various isomers of even-numbered esters ranging from C26 to C34, as well as odd-numbered esters detected in low amounts. The mass spectra obtained demonstrated for the first time that spermaceti esters are mainly composed of hexade-canol and octadecanol moieties associated with a range of FAs containing 10 20 carbon atoms. 

Each painter had his own technique the binding medium was thus prepared using different additives, giving rise to a variety of recipes for each technique. For example, it is believed that fig latex (a white liquid exuded by the fig tree) was commonly added to the egg tempera, and that animal or plant resins were added to oil- and wax-based binders. On account of their adhesive properties, these materials were used not only as paint binders, but also as consolidants in restorations, as ingredients in varnishes used to finish paintings, and as ingredients of mordants to apply metallic leaf decorations. 

Waxes are biosynthesized by plants (e.g., leaf cuticular coatings) and insects (e.g., beeswax). Their chemical constituents vary with plant or animal type, but are mainly esters made from long-chain alcohols (C22-C34) and fatty acids with even carbon numbers dominant (Fig. 7.11). They may also contain alkanes, secondary alcohols, and ketones. The majority of wax components are fully saturated. The ester in waxes is more resistant to hydrolysis than the ester in triacylglycerols, which makes waxes less vulnerable to degradation, and therefore more likely to survive archaeologically. 

When plant or animal tissues are extracted with nonpolar solvents, a portion of the material dissolves. The components of this soluble fraction are called lipids and include fatty acids, triacylglycerols, waxes, terpenes, postagladins, and steroids. The insoluble portion contains the more polar plant components including carbohydrates, lignin, proteins, and nucleic acids. 

The category of pure hydrocarbons has too many materials to list. Anything that is typically burned to produce heat or energy can be applied as a fuel for an IE mixture. Some high-profile examples would include petroleum products such as diesel fuel and kerosene, plant- and animal-based oils, sugars, glycerin, wax/paraffin, sawdust/wood pulp, Vaseline, shellac, and rosin. 

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