Waxes, natural

C27H55COOH. Glistening scales m.p. 89 C. A straight-chain, saturated fatty acid, that occurs in many natural waxes. 

Eats and oils from a number of animal and vegetable sources are the feedstocks for the manufacture of natural higher alcohols. These materials consist of triglycerides glycerol esterified with three moles of a fatty acid. The alcohol is manufactured by reduction of the fatty acid functional group. A small amount of natural alcohol is also obtained commercially by saponification of natural wax esters of the higher alcohols, such as wool grease. 

Liquid poHshes and waxes containing 10 wt % or more petroleum distillates must be contained in childproof packaging (61). General experience indicates that natural waxes and polyethylene waxes are nontoxic (62). Although nonsolvent floor poHshes are relatively nontoxic, concern for floor waxes continues to be sHp-resistance (63,64). 

The major components of camauba wax are aHphatic and aromatic esters of long-chain alcohols and acids, with smaller amounts of free fatty acids and alcohols, and resins. Camauba wax is very hard, with a penetration of 2 dmm at 25°C and only 3 dmm at 43.3°C. Camauba also has one of the higher melting points for the natural waxes at 84°C, with a viscosity of 3960 rare]/s at 98.9°C, an acid number of 8, and a saponification number of 80. 

D87. Open or closed capillary tubes are used to measure the melting point of many of the natural waxes. The congealing point (ASTM D938) is the temperature at which a melted wax ceases to flow, and is more consistent than melting points for some waxes. 

P. E. Kolattukudy, Chemistry and biochemistry of Natural Waxes, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1976. 

Natur-wacbs, n, natural wax, -wasser, n, natural water. 

In order to understand the relationship between the mixture component, physical properties and consumer acceptance of the lipstick, various lipstick formulations have to be produced. The physical properties of each formulation should be studied. The consumer acceptance towards the product also should be investigated. However, only a part of this work will be discussed in this paper. Here, natural waxes, oils and solvent have been used to produce natural ingredient based lipstick formulations based on the formulation suggested by the statistical mixture design. Contour plot and response surface graph were formed in order to understand the relationship between the mixture component and physical characteristic of the lipstick. 

Natural ingredients based lipstick formulations have been prepared. The effects of the natural waxes, oils and solvent compositions on the viscosity and melting point of the lipstick have been studied. The result indicates that the viscosity and melting point of the lipstick can be manipulated by changing the composition of natural candelilla wax, camauba wax and beeswax in the formulation. Another important lipstick characteristic, which is hardness, will be studied. Consumer acceptance towards the product will be investigated. Finally, by relating the consumer data and instrumentation analysis, optimisation process will be conducted. 

For satisfactory whiteness on wool, it is essential for the fibre to be well scoured and bleached, either oxidatively with hydrogen peroxide or by reduction using stabilised sodium dithionite. Brightener is usually applied together with the dithionite bleach. To achieve the highest possible whiteness, the wool should first be scoured to remove natural waxes and other contaminants, then bleached with peroxide and finally treated with FBA during a second bleach with dithionite. 

Table 1.4 Chemical and physical features of natural waxes...

In addition to the natural waxes, a number of synthetic waxes were analysed with GALDI-MS carboxylic acids (Hoechst wax-L, -S), esters (Hoechst wax-FL, -H, -O), and glycol esters (Hoechst wax-KP, -KPS). In most cases, significant mass spectra were obtained. The mass spectrum of polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 6000) showed a series of signals the spacing of m/z 44 between the signals corresponds to one oxyethylene unit. 

A. Asperger, W. Engewald and G. Fabian, Analytical characterization of natural waxes employ ing pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 50, 103 115 (1999). 

Caro, T.M. (1994) Cheetah of the Serengeti plains, Chicago Univ. Press, USA. Demanze, C. (1996) Natural Waxes in Oils and Fats Manual, Vol. I (original Manual des corps gras, 1992) (Ed. Karleskind, A.), Intercept Ltd., USA. 

Schulten, H.-R., Murray, K.E. and Simmleit, N. (1987). Natural waxes investigated by soft ionization mass spectrometry. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C Biosciences 42 178-190. 

It is a mixture of the sodium salts of sulphated fatty alcohols made by reducing the mixed fatty acids of coconut oil or cottonseed oil, and fish oils. Sometimes natural waxes such as spermaceti, wool fat and bees wax are sulphated directly. 

Under the same py.-f.i.m.s. experimental conditions, compounds with normal and branched alkyl chains up to C32 were easily detected in natural waxes (15). Thus, the present results indicate that long alkyl compounds are not major constituents of the coal and discussing the FID signals of coal in terms of its "polyethylene structures" (B. C. Gerstein in reference 8) is not correct for the coal studied and may be not correct for other coals. 

Kolattukusy, P. E. (1976). Introduction to natural waxes. In "Chemistry and Biochemistry of Natural Waxes," pp. 1-12. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 

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