Wax-based binders

Each painter had his own technique the binding medium was thus prepared using different additives, giving rise to a variety of recipes for each technique. For example, it is believed that fig latex (a white liquid exuded by the fig tree) was commonly added to the egg tempera, and that animal or plant resins were added to oil- and wax-based binders. On account of their adhesive properties, these materials were used not only as paint binders, but also as consolidants in restorations, as ingredients in varnishes used to finish paintings, and as ingredients of mordants to apply metallic leaf decorations. 

Shear thickening, or dilatancy behaviour, is commonly associated with coarse powder suspensions, such as those used in powder metallurgy [25] and with low molecular weight (wax-based) binders. This can be seen in Fig. 5 for a coarse zir-... 

Although there are many types of thermoplastic based binders being formulated, only a few binders are used in commercial production. Ihe most popular are the wax-based binders. Wax is chosen as die major component because of its low viscosity, low melting point and low decomposition temperature. This would lead to ease of mixing, ease of molding and short debinding time. To further enhance the performance of the feedstock, a secondary component is added. 

Figure 21, Softening points of paraffin wax, polymer components, wax-based binders and feedstocks [13].

Powder Mixtures with Wax-Based Binders , in "Proceedings of the Fourth APP Annual Meeting", MPIF, NJ, (1990). 

Alternative designs of low pressure equipment are available wherein a ceramic suspension in a wax based binder is injected into a mould by pneumatic pressure and this is claimed to avoid some of the wear associated with high pressure devices. 

Wegmann et. al. described the extrusion of polycrystalline ceramic fibers using different thermoplastic and water-based binder systems [Weg 98]. Invariably the highest powder loadings in the study were reached using the thermoplastic binder systems with all the ceramic powders considered. Furthermore, only a thermoplastic polyethylene/wax binder sys-... 

Thermoplastic based binders are by far the most widely used. These forms of binder usually contain a wax as a major component and a thermoplastic as the minor component. Additives are usually added for lubrication, viscosity control, wetting and improving powder-binder interaction. Debinding of such binders is normally achieved via thermal degradation, wicking, solvent extraction or even photo-degradation. Thermoplastics commonly used include polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene and ethylene vinyl acetate. Table 2 highlights some of the common thermoplastics used in PIM or MIM processes. 

Kupperblatt, G. B., Wax-Based and Solid Polymer Solution Binders... 

The medium is the binder which provides for the adhesion of pigments. The most important types are the temper media (glue, egg, and gum), the oils, and wax. In addition, for wall painting there is the tme fresco technique, where the pigments are laid down in a fresh, wet plaster preparation layer. Several other media have been used, but much less frequendy, eg, casein temper. In modem paints, a number of synthetic resins are used for this purpose. Contemporary artist paints are often based on acryhc polymers (see Acrylic ester polymers Paints). 

The US Air Force formulation designated as AFX 644 (based on TNT and NTO and also referred to as TNTO IV) is used for low-vulnerability General Purpose (GP) bomb. AFX-644 is a melt-cast, wax desensitized nitrotriazolone (NTO)-based explosive formulation which employs TNT as an energetic binder and aluminum powder to enhance blast performance. TNT, NTO, wax and A1 powder are mixed in proportions of 30,40,10 and 20% respectively and meets the United Nations ... 

Traditionally the inks were based on organic solvents, comprising solutions of binder resins such as vinyl chloride polymers, vinyl chloride-acetate copolymers and acrylics in toluene/methyl ethyl ketone or ethanol/ethyl acetate— pigments, flattening agents, waxes, and other substances being added as required to enhance performance. More recently, because of the desire to... 

Concrete hardening compounds Core oil and binders Core wash Core wax Correction fluid Corrosion preventive lubricant, synthetic base for jet engines Deicing fluid Desalter kits, sea water Dextrime sizes Drilling mud Dyes, household Essential oils Ethylene glycol antifreeze preparations Eucalyptus oil Exothermics for metal industries... 

Voxeljet Technology GmbH [39] offers a systems base on ink-jet dispensing of binder fluid onto particles, similar to the technology developed by MIT except the binder is not burned off after the part is printed. The build envelope is 85 cm x 45 cm x 50 cm. They also have a system that prints a water soluble wax that is ink-jet printed to form the boundary of a poured (in layers) wax part. 

Uses Suspending agent for pigments and fillers in water-based paints, inks, or other coatings, and the abrasive particles in waxes or polishes vise, modifier for emulsion and latex compds. binder for textiles thickener... 

Chem. Descrip. Micronized HD PE homopolymer CAS 9002-88-4 EINECS/ELINCS 200-815-3 Uses Additive wax for adhesives, inks, personal care, and rubber applies. good performance in soiv.-based coatings suspension aid, flatting and texturizing agent, and binder for personal care prods. food pkg. adhesives, coatings, paper/paperboard, cellophane, rubber articles, textiles, lubricants... 

Chem. Descrip. Ethyl methacrylate/methyl acrylate-based polymer Uses Heat-sealing raw material for pkg. of foods and pharmaceuticals binder for mfg. of flexographic printing inks for plastic films, of coating systems for plastics, and esp. heat-sealing lacquers for food pkg. Features Compat. with NC, CAB, vinyl resins, phthalate plasticizers, and printing ink waxes... 

Uses Bactericide for water-based paints, adhesives, waxes, polishes presen/ative for coating formulations, binders, pigment slurries, and sizing sol ns. used in paper/paperboard in contact with aq./fatty foods slimicide in food-contact paper/paperboard Regulatay FDA 21CFR 176.170,176.300 Manuf/Distrib. Sinochem Jiangsu Wuxi Trade Names Busan 90 Trade Names Containing Busan 1130... 

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