Paper carbon

The largest traditional use for montan waxes was as a component in one-time hot-melt carbon-paper inks. With the decrease in the use of carbon-paper inks, uses for the refined grades have become predominant, mainly in the formulation of poHshes and as plastics lubricants. The alcohol ester derivatives may be used as components of articles intended for use with foods as regulated by the FDA in 21 CFR 178.3770. 

Carbon paper and inked ribbons 3961 Costume jewelry and costume novelties, except precious metal... 

Kohlen-ozydvergiftung, /. carbon monoxide poisoning, -oxysulfid, n, carbon oxysulfide. -papier, n. carbon paper, -pres (s)stein, m, coal briquet, -puWer, n, coal powder, powdered coal charcoal powder, powdered charcoal, -puppe, /, (Elec.) carbon rod, -riick-stand, m. carbon residue, -sandstein, m. carboniferous sandstone. 

MEAs used in this study were prepared in the following procedure [5]. The diffusion backing layers for anode and cathode were a Teflon-treated (20 wt. %) carbon paper (Toray 090, E-Tek) of 0.29 mm thickness. A thin diffusion layer was formed on top of the backing layer by spreading Vulcan XC-72 (85 wt. %) with PTFE (15 wt. %) for both anode and cathode. After the diffusion layers were sintered at a temperature of 360 C for 15 min., the catalyst layer was then formed with Pl/Ru (4 mg/cm ) and Nafion (1 mg/cm ) for anode and with Pt (4 mg/cm ) and Nafion (1 mg/cm ) for cathode. The prepared electrodes were placed either side of a pretreated Nafion 115 membrane and the assembly was hot-pressed at 85 kg/cm for 3 min. at 135 C. 

In practice, the catal5Tic layers are prepared by brushing or spraying catalyst ink (a suspension of the catalyst particles in water and/or an organic solvent with addition of ionomer) either onto diffusion media (carbon paper or carbon cloth, also referred to as substrates), resulting in so-called catalyst-coated substrates (CCS), or directly onto... 

Figure 17.10 Electrocatalytic current (per geometric area) versus potential for glucose oxidation by glucose oxidase in an Os-containing redox polymer supported on carbon nanotubes grown for various periods (times indicated) on carbon paper. Reproduced by permission of ECS—The Electrochemical Society, from Barton et al., 2007.

Ouricuri wax is an exudate on the underside of the leaves of the Syagrus coronata palm in northeastern Brazil and has similar properties and composition to Camauba wax. Ouricouri wax is used in the manufacture of carbon paper, mould release agents and inks. 

Carbon nitride, 27 214—215 conductivity of, 2 7 204-206 field emission properties of, 27 221 theoretical band structure calculations for, 27 203-204 Carbon nitride films, 2 7 205 Carbon nitride solids, 2 7 203 Carbonochloridic esters, 6 290 Carbon paper, 4 738-739 Carbon profile, in gas carburizing, 26 204 Carbon Raschig-ring tower packing, 22 745 Carbon reduction, of ferrovanadium, 25 518... 

The function of the electrolyte membrane is to facilitate transport of protons from anode to cathode and to serve as an effective barrier to reactant crossover. The electrodes host the electrochemical reactions within the catalyst layer and provide electronic conductivity, and pathways for reactant supply to the catalyst and removal of products from the catalyst [96], The GDL is a carbon paper of 0.2 0.5 mm thickness that provides rigidity and support to the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). It incorporates hydrophobic material that facilitates the product water drainage and prevents... 

The porous electrodes used in PAFCs are described extensively in the patent literature (6) see also the review by Kordesch (5). These electrodes contain a mixture of the electrocatalyst supported on carbon black and a polymeric binder, usually PTFE (about 30 to 50 wt%). The PTFE binds the carbon black particles together to form an integral (but porous) structure, which is supported on a porous carbon paper substrate. The carbon paper serves as a structural support for the electrocatalyst layer, as well as the current collector. A typical carbon paper used in PAFCs has an... 

Electrode Support Ta mesh screen Carbon paper Carbon paper... 

Apply this ink onto the wet-proofed carbon paper, using a coating apparatus. 

Dry this catalyst-coated carbon paper for 24 hours in ambient air and then bake it at 225°C for 30 minutes to form an electrode. 

In DMFCs, methanol crossover and carbon dioxide gas management are critical issues that have be dealt with. Argyropoulos, Scott, and Taama [98] used a transparent fuel cell (fhe anode end plate was made out of acrylic) to visualize the CO2 evolution and management on the anode side. Both CFPs and CCs were used as anode DLs and it was observed that CFP (Toray carbon paper) was not a suitable material due to its poor gas removal properties. 

Polarization curves for Toray carbon paper 260 and carbon cloth A. (Modified from A. Oedegaard et al. Journal of Power Sources 127 (2004) 187-196. With permission from Elsevier.)... 

It is also important to take into account that one of the main issues with the carbon fiber paper or cloth used as the DL is the uncontrolled variation in porosity (and other localized properties) of these manufactured conventional diffusion layers that is, the porosity characteristics between carbon papers are not repeatable [57]. These materials are difficult to improve because only average pore sizes and volume densities can be measured and much of the development has been based on empirical parameters. Thus, extensive work has focused on optimizing the MPL in order to reduce the differences within carbon paper fiber and cloth diffusion layers. 

R. B. Mathur, P. H. Maheshwari, T. L. Dhami, and R. P. Tandon. Characteristics of the carbon paper heat-treated to different temperatures and its influence on the performance of PEM fuel ceU. Electrochimica Acta 52 (2007) 4809-4817. 

Y. Wang, C. Y. Wang, and K. S. Chen. Elucidating differences between carbon paper and carbon cloth in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Electrochimica Acta 52 (2007) 3965-3975. 

D. Bevers, R. Rogers, and M. von Bradke. Examination of the influence of PTFE coating on the properties of carbon paper in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Journal of Power Sources 63 (1996) 193-201. 

A. Taniguchi and K. Yasuda. Waterproofing of carbon paper by plasma polymerization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100 (2006) 1748-1753. 

---