Synthetic fatty alcohols

By 2000, the alpha olefin market had grown to more than 3. billion pounds. Technology had brought down the cost of producing them and simultaneously, a broad range of applications for all the alpha olefins expanded rapidly—surfactants, synthetic lubricants, plasticizer alcohols, fatty acids, mercaptans, comonomers, biocides, paper and textile sizing, oil field chemicals, lube oil., additives, plastic processing aids, and cosmetics. 

Waxy ketones Synthetic esters Fatty acid amides Amide derivatives Imide condensation products Fatty alcohols Fatty acidis Metal soaps Palmitone cetyl stearate palmitamide stearanilide N-hexadecyl phthalimide stearyl alcohol stearic acid 12 hydroxstearic acid calcium resinate barium resinate calcium stearate barium stearate ... 

The use of n-paraffins recovered include octane value enhancement of gasoline, solvents and raw materials for biodegradable detergents, fire retardants, plasticizers, alcohol, fatty acids, synthetic proteins, lube oil additives, and a-olefins. A detailed discussion on n-paraffin separation processes is available (1). 

In addition to the above waxes there is a group of synthetic wax-like emnlsifiahle materials extensively employed in the industries. They are the polyhydric alcohol fatty acid esters, such as ethylene glycol monostearate, glyceryl monostearate, glycerol distearate, and a number of others. 

Coconut oil and tallow were the principal raw material sources for early fatty alcohol manufacture. Coconut oil is a lauryl-range oil and affords primarily C 12 and C 1 < alcohols. Tallow is a stearyl-range oil and yields primarily C1 and C is alcohols. Both of these natural products form only even carbon-numbered alcohols. Some synthetic alcohols contain both even and odd carbon-numbered alcohols while other synthetic alcohols are like the natural products and contain only even carbon-numbered homologs. 

As the immovable phase, CLSP was applied to N-AW chromaton carrier in 20% quantity of its mass. The phase peculiarity to alcohols of the fatty sequence is shown on the example of synthetic alcohols Ci0 - C2i fraction separation in the temperature range from 100 to 270°C (at 4 deg/min rate) without preliminary transfer to volatile derivatives. 

Nonionic surfactants are one of the most important and largest surfactant groups. They are amphiphilic molecules composed, in most cases, of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blocks as the water-soluble fragment and fatty alcohols, fatty acids, alkylated phenol derivatives, or various synthetic polymers as the hydrophobic part [1], This class of surfactants is widely used as surface wetting agents, emulsifiers, detergents, phase-transfer agents, and solubilizers for diverse industrial and biomedical applications [2],... 

Acetone, synthetic Acid esters and amines Acids, organic Acrolein Acrylonitrile Adipic acid Adipic acid esters Adiponitrile Alcohol, aromatic Alcohol, fatty powdered... 

Natural oils and fats are traditional sources for the production of alcohols [12, 13]. Even long-chain alcohols (I) are produced by hydrogenation of methyl esters and glycerides of fatty acids as well as free fatty acids (cf Fig. 1.2). The part of synthetic alcohols amounts to ca. 60 % of the total C9-C18 alcohol production. The main ways of alcohol synthesis are a-olefms... 

To address machine performance and paper quality issues, alternative chanis-tries are continuously being evaluated and proven within the industry. Present technology inclndes prodncts with chemistries such as synthetic alcohols, hydro-phobic wax particulates, and synthetic esters. Chemical defoamer formulations containing emnlsifiable combinations of hydrocarbons, alcohols, fatty acids, and various surface active agents are effective foam suppressors and deaerators. 

The wear comfort of a fiber is determined by its softness, thermal isolation properties, water uptake, and permeability properties. The more or less hydrophobic synthetic fibers are consequently hydrophilized to improve wear comfort. The hydrophilization should increase dampness uptake, improve softness, decrease the tendency to soil, and reduce electrostatic charging. In high-grade finishing, the fibers or weaves are treated for this purpose with ethoxylated fatty alcohols, fatty acids, fatty amides, or with quaternary ammonium or sulfonium derivatives. Alternatively, the fibers can be hydrophilized by grafting with, for example, acrylamide or methacrylic acid. 

They are predominantly straight chained and monohydric, and can be saturated or have one or more double bonds. Alcohols with a carbon chain length above C22 are referred to as wax alcohols. Diols whose chain length exceeds are regarded as substituted fatty alcohols. The character of the fatty alcohols (primary or secondary, linear or branched chain, saturated or unsaturated) is determined by the manufacturing process and the raw materials used. Depending on the raw materials used, fatty alcohols are classified as natural or synthetic. Natural fatty alcohols are based on renewable resources such as fats, oils, and waxes of plant or animal origin, whereas synthetic fatty alcohols are produced from petrochemicals such as olefins and paraffins. 

The most common alkyd raw materials are polybasic acids (phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric, azelaic, succinic, adipic, and sebacic acids), oils (linseed, soya, dehydrated castor, tung, fish, safflower, oiticica, cotton seed, and coconut), polyhydric alcohols (glycerol, pentaerythritol, dipen-taerythritol, trimethylolethane, sorbitol, trimethylolpropane, ethyleneglycol, propylene glycol, neopentyleneglycol, and dipropylene glycol), and monobasic acids (tail-oil fatty acids and synthetic saturated fatty acids). 

Defoamers and deaerators are derived from hydrocarbons that contain substituted polar groups. The active substances contained in products suppbed in the form of 25-30% aqueous emulsions are mainly higher fatty alcohols, fatty acids, and fatty add esters and their ethoxylates (Table 3.9). They may contain anionic or nonionic emulsifiers. The active substances contained in so-called oil-type defoamers are mainly fatty alcohol ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates or mixtures of fatty alcohols. They can also contain emulsifiers in order to aid dispersion. It is important to note that the term oil-type defoamer refers to the oily consistency of this group of products, and has nothing to do with the use of mineral oil as an active substance. Emulsion-type defoamers account for half of the worldwide consumption of defoamers and deaerators, expressed as soHds. Synthetic oils represent 40% and mineral oils 10%. It seems that mineral oils are no longer in use in Europe. 

Body washes are another more recent introduction into the marketplace. These products have become a mainstay in the global market. Body washes can be simple formulas similar to those used for liquid handsoaps or complex 2-in-l oil-in-water emulsion, moisturizing formulations. These products contain a wide range of synthetic surfactants not typically found in bar soaps or liquid handsoaps, such as sodium monoalkyl phosphate and alkyl aminocarboxylates. It is not uncommon to find over 20 different components in these formulations, with no less than six or seven different surfactants. These products can also contain skin benefit agents, such as cholesterol, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, cationic polymers, and emollient oils to provide even milder-to-skin cleansing and in-use moisturization. 

Direct conversion of fatty alcohols to primary amines by reaction with ammonia is not commercially practised but new catalyst developments show improved yields with this technology [10]. However, production of dialkylamines from alcohols is practised particularly with C8-C10 alcohols due to the limited availability of the corresponding acids. Alcohols are commonly used in the manufacture of tertiary alkyldimethylamines either through reductive amination with dimethylamine or by conversion to the alkylhaUde followed by reaction with dimethylamine. Both primary and secondary amines can be reacted with alcohols to produce tertiary trialkyl amines [11]. The chain branching seen with some synthetic alcohols means that the derived amines are not identical to those from natural sources. 

There are a number of ways in which TLC can be combined to advantage with GLC. The spots obtained from TLC may be eluted, concentrated, and then subjected to GLC analysis. This method has been used in the analyses of lipids, steroids, alcohols, fatty acids, esters, glycerides, hydrocarbons, essential oils, and many other natural and synthetic organic compounds. Methyl esters of fatty acids are first separated on silver-nitrate-impregnated silica gel... 

In terms of quantities, the alkyl polyglycol ethers or fatty alcohol polyglycol ethers, which are readily obtainable by reaction of ethylene oxide with natural or synthetic alcohols, are of particular interest. For a long time, natural fatty alcohols, which can easily be prepared by hydrogenation of the corresponding fatty acids or methyl esters, were the main raw material base [21]. Neither the manufacture nor... 

Alkyl ether sulfates, also called alcohol ethoxysulfates, are prepared by addition of one to four oxyethylene groups to an alcohol which is then sulfated. Oxyethylation enhances water solubility and foaming over the analogous alcohol sulfate, giving a product useful in shampoos and in liquid and powdered detergents. The raw material for these products can be either natural fatty alcohols or primary or secondary synthetic alcohols, usually of C12-C18 chain length. The analogous alkylphenol ether sulfates are found in industrial applications. Ether sulfates are not as sensitive to water hardness as are other anionic surfactants. 

Synthesis and Manufacture of Amines. The chemical and busiaess segments of amines (qv) and quaternaries are so closely linked that it is difficult to consider these separately. The majority of commercially produced amines origiaate from three amine raw materials natural fats and oils, a-olefins, and fatty alcohols. Most large commercial manufacturers of quaternary ammonium compounds are fully back-iategrated to at least one of these three sources of amines. The amines are then used to produce a wide array of commercially available quaternary ammonium compounds. Some iadividual quaternary ammonium compounds can be produced by more than one synthetic route. 

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