Water injection systems flow rate

Third point When observing, open the valve first, seal up both ends of the test hole segment through capsule bulged, and then open the water injection system, offer certain water injection pressure (but less than capsule pressure), for the hole of water injection flow rate and water injection leak volume to achieve dynamic balance, finally measure per unit time of water injection by flow meter, namely water injection water leakage. 

FIGURE 11.2 Schematic diagram of the flow injection system used for the determination of gaseous species. GD gas diffusion D detector the carrier stream was deionized water and the flow rate for acetic acid determination was 1.0 mL/min. (Adapted from Araujo, C. S. T. et al. 2005. Food Chem. 92 765-770.)... 

Venturi scmbbers can be operated at 2.5 kPa (19 mm Hg) to coUect many particles coarser than 1 p.m efficiently. Smaller particles often require a pressure drop of 7.5—10 kPa (56—75 mm Hg). When most of the particulates are smaller than 0.5 p.m and are hydrophobic, venturis have been operated at pressure drops from 25 to 32.5 kPa (187—244 mm Hg). Water injection rate is typicaUy 0.67—1.4 m of Hquid per 1000 m of gas, although rates as high as 2.7 are used. Increasing water rates improves coUection efficiency. Many venturis contain louvers to vary throat cross section and pressure drop with changes in system gas flow. Venturi scmbbers can be made in various shapes with reasonably similar characteristics. Any device that causes contact of Hquid and gas at high velocity and pressure drop across an accelerating orifice wiU act much like a venturi scmbber. A flooded-disk scmbber in which the annular orifice created by the disc is equivalent to a venturi throat has been described (296). An irrigated packed fiber bed with performance similar to a... 

BWRs do not operate with dissolved boron like a PWR but use pure, demineralized water with a continuous water quality control system. The reactivity is controlled by the large number of control rods (>100) containing burnable neutron poisons, and by varying the flow rate through the reactor for normal, fine control. Two recirculation loops using variable speed recirculation pumps inject water into the jet pumps inside of the reactor vessel to increase the flow rate by several times over that in the recirculation loops. The steam bubble formation reduces the moderator density and... 

Figure 12.10 Microcolumn SEC-LC analysis of an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) teipolymer sample (a) SEC ti ace (b) EC ti ace. SEC conditions fused-silica column (30 cm X 250 mm i.d.) packed with PL-GEL (50 A pore size, 5 mm particle diameter) eluent, THE at a flow rate of 2.0 mL/min injection size, 200 nL UV detection at 254 nm x represents the polymer additive fraction (6 p-L) tr ansferred to EC system. EC conditions NovaPak CIS Column (15 cm X 4.6 mm i.d.) eluent, acetonitrile-water (60 40) to (95 5) in 15 min gradient flow rate of 1.5 mL/min detection at 214 nm. Peaks identification is follows 1, styrene-acrylonitrile 2, styrene 3, benzylbutyl phthalate 4, nonylphenol isomers 5, Vanox 2246 6, Topanol 7, unknown 8, Tinuvin 328 9, Irganox 1076 10, unknown. Reprinted with permission from Ref. (14).

Heat and reflux a 5-g portion of soil sample with 50 mL of methanol-phosphate buffer (pH 7)-water (15 7 28, v/v/v) solvent mixture in a round-bottom flask for 1 h. After cooling, transfer a 10-mL portion of the supernatant to a test-tube and mix with 11 mL of 0.02M H3PO4 solution. Load this solution on to a silica-based SPE cartridge (Analytichem International Clin-Elut 1020) at a flow rate of 1-2 drops per second. Discard this fraction. Elute the analytes with 30 mL of dichloromethane. Concentrate the eluate to dryness with air in a water-bath at a temperature of 40 °C (do not use vacuum). Dissolve the residues in 5mL of HPLC injection solution [900 mL of water - - 50 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7) 4-50 mL of ACN 4-4 g of TBABr]. Pinal analysis is performed using liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection (LC/UV) with a three-column switching system. 

Procedure Phenolic acids were detected between 210 and 360 nm using a Hewlett Packard diode array detector (HP 1100 HPLC system). The separation was achieved with a Nucleosil 100-5 C18 column 5 pm 4.0x250 mm (Agilent Technologies, USA) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and injection volume of 5 mL. For the elution, a discontinuous acetonitrile-water gradient was used 15% acetonitrile (5 min), 30% acetonitrile (20 min), 40% acetonitrile (25 min), 60% acetonitrile (30 min), 60% acetonitrile (35 min) and... 

Procedure Flavonoids are then further purified with 2 ml of methanolic HC1 (2 N), followed by centrifugation (2 min, 15 600 g), hydrolyzation of 150 il of suspension in an autoclave (15 min, 120 C). A reverse osmosis-Millipore UF Plus water purification system is used in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an autosampler. After injections of 5 pg of samples, the mobile phases flow at a rate of 1 ml/minute with isocratic elution in a column at 30 C. 

A common dimensionless number used to characterize the bubble formation from orifices through a gas chamber is the capacitance number defined as Nc — 4VcgpilnDoPs. For the bubble-formation system with inlet gas provided by nozzle tubes connected to an air compressor, the volume of the gas chamber is negligible, and thus, the dimensionless capacitance number is close to zero. The gas-flow rate through the nozzle would be near constant. For bubble formation under the constant flow rate condition, an increasing flow rate significantly increases the frequency of bubble formation. The initial bubble size also increases with an increase in the flow rate. Experimental results are shown in Fig. 6. Three different nozzle-inlet velocities are used in the air-water experiments. It is clearly seen that at all velocities used for nozzle air injection, bubbles rise in a zigzag path and a spiral motion of the bubbles prevails in air-water experiments. The simulation results on bubble formation and rise behavior conducted in this study closely resemble the experimental results. 

Using the Tomtec Quadra 96 workstation, 0.1 mL of the ethyl acetate layer was transferred to a 96-well collection plate containing 0.4 mL of acetonitrile in each sample well. The solution was mixed 10 times by aspiration and dispersion on the Tomtec. The plate was then covered with a sealing mat and stored at 2 to 8°C until LC/MS/MS analysis. The HILIC-MS/MS system consisted of a Shimadzu 10ADVP HPLC system and Perkin Elmer Sciex API 3000 and 4000 tandem mass spectrometers operating in the positive ESI mode. The analytical column was Betasil silica (5 fim, 50 x 3 mm) and a mobile phase of acetonitrile water formic acid with a linear gradient elution from 95 5 0.1 to 73.5 26.5 0.1 was used for 2 min. The flow rate was 1.0 mL/min for the API 3000 and 1.5 mL/min for the API 4000 without any eluent split. The injection volume was 10 jjL and a run time of 2.75 min was employed. 

Blank, calibrator, control, and patient whole-blood samples (50 /iL) were transferred into 1.5 mL conical test tubes, mixed with 100 /xL of the IS, vortexed for 10 sec, and centrifuged at 13,000 g for 5 min. Twenty-five microliters of supernatant were injected onto a Cohesive Technologies Cyclone polymeric turbulent flow column (50 x 1 mm, 50 /flushed with a mixture of methanol and water (10 90 v/v) at a flow of 5 mL/min. Column switching from the TFC to HPLC systems was via a Cohesive Technologies system. The analytical column was a Phenomenex Phenyl-Hexyl-RP (50 x 2.1 mm, 5 /.mi). The mobile phase consisted of methanol and ammonium acetate buffer (97 3 v/v). The buffer was 10mM ammonium acetate containing 0.1% v/v acetic acid. The flow rate was 0.6 mL/min. 

After start-up, the system should be checked at least weekly, with some observations, notably in the early phases, requiring daily monitoring. Information such as ground-water levels, extraction and injection flow rates, groundwater electron acceptor concentrations, nutrient concentrations, pH, and conductivity should be recorded at least on a weekly basis. Complete records of rates, concentrations, electrical usage, and other operational data can be invaluable when evaluating operational efficiency or documenting unit costs. 

The nitrobenzene oxidation mixture was analyzed using the HPLC method. 0.2 mL of the stock solution was pipetted into a 25 mL volumetric flask and acetonitril-water (1 2 vA ) was added to it. About 20 gL of the sample solution was next injected into the HPLC system (Shimatzu) equipped with a Hypersil bond C,g coluitm (particle size 5 gL, 25 x 4.6 mm i.d.) to quantitatively determine the vanillin component while another component was determined qualitatively. Acetonitril-water (1 8) containing 1% acetic acid was used as an eluent with a flow rate of 2 tuL/min. The eluent was then monitored with an UV (ultraviolet) detector at 280 ran [6]. 

This work was done with a Waters Model 244 liquid chromatograph having two Du Pont Blmodal IIS columns (29,000 plates/meter) and a Linear dual-pen recorder. Also used was a Waters Model 440 UV absorbance detector. Samples were run at 0.1% (w/v) using an Injection volume of 25-pL and a flow rate of 1 mL/mln. The system was calibrated with polystyrene standards from Pressure Chemical Co. according to the universal callbaratlon procedure. Data collection and computation were done with an Intel 80/30 microprocessor. 

High pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the quantitative measurement of quinones and hydroquinones in the cultures. 20 pi of supernatant were injected in a Merck-Hitachi HPLC system 655A-12 equipped with a 4.6 x 250 mm Nucleosil C18 column (5 pm, RP 18). The system was run at a flow rate of 1 ml min-1 with a methanol/water gradient (10 to 20% methanol in 15 min, then 20 to 100% methanol in 5 min). The UV detector was operated at 281 nm or 275 nm to follow the reduction of quinones 13 and 14, respectively (37). 

Figure 7. Optimal system configuration using AG4 guard column as the concentrator column. Five milliliters of Milli-Q water spiked with CI04" was loaded onto the concentrator column at varying concentrations of perchlorate. Eluent 0.5M 18-crown-6 and 5mM KOFI. Injection 5mL loaded onto concentrator column, flow rate 1.0 mL/min, temperature 20 °C [17].

Therefore, an effective water system is required. Nowadays, several techniques can be used to obtain water of high pharmaceutical quality. These include ionexchange treatment, reverse osmosis, distillation, electrodialysis, and ultrafiltration. However, there is no single optimum system for producing high-purity water, and selection of the final system is dependent on factors such as the quality of raw water, intent of its use, flow rate, and costs. In the pharmaceutical industry, the different water classes normally encountered are well water, potable water, purified water, and specially purified grades of water, such as water for injection (e.g., MilliQ water). 

The HPLC was equipped with a UV-Vis detector (VWD = 210 nm), a water symmetry Cig column, 150 mm x 3.9 mm, 5 p,m. The mobile phase was 25% acetonitrile in 75% 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.8). The flow rate was set at 1.5 mL/min. Equal volumes (25 p,L) of standard and sample solutions were injected into the chromatographic system. Quantification of polysorbate 80 is based on a comparison of the response of oleic acid in sample and that of oleic acid in standard solution [6]. When polysorbate 80 was quantified by GC, the released oleic acid can be detected without derivatization and prepared according to the HPLC method. 

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