Water injection systems

The two primary sources of freshwater are surface water and ground-water. A portion of the rain or melting snow and ice at the earth s surface soaks into the ground, while part of it collects in ponds and lakes or runs off into creeks and rivers. This latter portion is termed surface water.  

Water encountered in production operations usually comes from separated produced water or from wells specifically drilling into a subsurface water aquifer. The latter is often called source water, is often brackish, and may contain a large quantity of dissolved solids. 

This chapter provides information about equipment selection and sizing for removing suspended sohds and dissolved gases from water. The water s source affects the types and amounts of contaminants in the water. For example, produced water will be contaminated by some hydrocarbons. 

The treatment of water to remove calcium and magnesium dissolved solids ( water softening ) is important, especially if the water is to be used as boiler feed water for the generation of steam, as in a steam flood. Nevertheless, a discussion of processes and equipment for water softening and removing other dissolved sohds is beyond the scope of this chapter. 

The removal of suspended sohds and dissolved gases from water may be desirable for a variety of reasons, the most common of which 

As oil reservoirs age and become depleted, a common technique employed is to inject water into the formation to maintain pressure in the reservoir in order to displace oil. The water must be treated by a combination of equipment and chemicals, to remove particulates to avoid reservoir damage, minimise corrosion, scale and bacterial activity. 

Particulates, for example inorganic materials (sand, silt), marine plankton and detritus from marine plankton, are removed by filters. 

Polymeric coagulants are applied to improve the efficiency of the fine filters. 

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User experience of monitoring techniques in oil and gas production has been reviewed and indicates success and failure for the same methods by different operators. A survey of current monitoring practice in UK offshore fields has been published and other experience related to oil/gas production has be reported . A draft document has been prepared by CEA Task Group E2-5 providing guidelines for monitoring sea-water injection systems. 

H. A. Videla, P. S. Guiamet, O. R. Pardini, E. Echarte, D. Trujillo, and M. M. S. Freitas. Monitoring biofilms and MIC (microbially induced corrosion) in an oilfield water injection system. In Proceedings Volume. Annu NACE Corrosion Conf (Corrosion 91) (Cincinnati, OH, 3/11-3/15), 1991. 

A patented water injection system has been devised for extinguishing oil and gas well fires in case of a blowout. The "Blowout Suppression System" (BOSS) consist of finely atomized water injected to the fluid stream of a gas and oil mixture before it exits a release point. The added water lowers the flame temperature and flame velocities thereby reducing the flame stability. In the case where the flame cannot be completely dissipated, the fire intensity is noticeably deceased, preserving structural integrity and allowing manual intervention activities. A precaution in the use of such a device is that, if a gas release fire is suppressed but the flow is not immediately isolated, a gas cloud may develop and exploded that would be more destructive that the pre-existing fire condition. 

You may need to use bigger jets in your carburetor or an add-on water injection system to increase the amount of water to the cylinders for better performance. And a couple winds of copper tubing around the exhaust pipe from the fuel (water) pump would raise the water temperature for better vaporization too. 

A water injection system sprays water directly into the suction of the machines to seal the rotor clearances and remove the heat of compression. The machines will consume approximately 10 gpm. 

Water injection system Standard Standard Standard... 

This study uses the patterned product by Henan Polytechnic University-drilling double circuit (put) the water injection system to detective, as Figure 1 shows. 

Third point When observing, open the valve first, seal up both ends of the test hole segment through capsule bulged, and then open the water injection system, offer certain water injection pressure (but less than capsule pressure), for the hole of water injection flow rate and water injection leak volume to achieve dynamic balance, finally measure per unit time of water injection by flow meter, namely water injection water leakage. 

Salama MM. Erosional veloeity limits for water injection systems. Corrosion/93, Paper No 62, NACE, Houston, Texas, 1993. 

Other corrosion problems in oil and gas production are corrosion in the water injection system, particularly at welds, galvanic elements and irregularities that disturb the flow, and external corrosion on hot process piping, with or without heat insulation [8.27]. Corrosion in seawater is dealt with in Section 8.3 and at various places in other chapters of the book. 

Patton, C.C. 1997. Corrosion control in water injection systems. SPE Reprint Series (46), pp. 37-40. 

Failure in the boric acid / non-borated water injection system. 

CAS 61791-64-8 EINECS/ELINCS 263-196-9 Synonyms Amines, N-coco alkyltrimethylenedi-, acetates Amines, coco alkyltrimethylenedi-, diacetates Coconut oil alkyl-1,3-propylenediamine diacetate Uses Corrosion inhibitor in waterfloods, salt water disposal systems, oil producing systems, oil field and petrochem. water injection systems biocide Trade Name Synonyms Anedco AC-196 [Anedco]... 

Consequently, they blocked the emergency water injection systems which had been automatically actuated. The core overheated and partially melted. The releases were negligible from the health protection point of view because of the presence of an effective containment. 

A potential advantage of underground plants from the safety point of view is the possibility of using gravity driven emergency water injection systems and therefore more passive and potentially more reliable systems than the normal ones which use pumps. 

Emergency water injection system for reactor flooding under LOCAs is designed as active one because of certain size limitations in the FNPP. It includes 3 high pressure and 2 low pressure pumps Water recirculation system for long term decay heat removal is also provided It is essential that even in case of all emergency heat removal and water injection systems failure under LOCA the reactor core uncovery starts only after 3 hours of the accident initiation... 

Primary pipeline rupture at 100 % power Two trains of high pressure and two trains low pressure water injection systems + all trains of emergency heat removal systems failure NN VL... 

Reactor coolant pump seal water injection system Steam generator blowdown system Sampling system... 

EVS were put to work on real systems on several occasions in the oil and gas industries for two main reasons. The 1st reason was the critical nature of many operations associated with the transport of gas and other petroleum products, and the 2nd is the predictability of localized corrosion of steel, the main material used by the oil and gas industry. Meany has, for example, reported four detailed cases where extreme value distribution proved to be an adequate representation of corrosion problems in underground piping and power plemt condenser tubing [15]. In another study, data from water injection pipeline systems and from the published literature were used to simulate the sample functions of pit growth on metal surfaces [Id]. It was concluded that maximum pit depths were adequately characterized by extreme value distribution, that a Gaussian distribution could model corrosion rates for water injection systems, and that an exponential pipeline leak growth model was appropriate for all operation regimes. 

Downstream of the ATR, the reformate was cooled in HX-A, further cooled and enriched with water by the water-injection system WI-1 and then entered the high temperature water-gas shift reactor (HTWGS). About 750 W of energy were removed from the reactor by internal heat-exchange. This made isothermal operation at 390 °C possible. 

Figure 9.40 Integrated gasoline fuel processor as developed by Qi et al. [451] HEX stands for heat-exchangers, Wi to W3 for water injection systems.

The following are some important design criteria for water injection systems. Arrangement of the nozzles. The nozzles should be located on the roof or on the outlet end wall of the cooler. There should be several nozzles, whose jets should not overlap. Wetting the clinker must not begin earlier than at least five rows of plates past the recuperative zone and must be completed at least five rows ahead of the discharge end of the grate, so as to ensure that recuperation will not be impaired and that all the water will have evaporated before the clinker leaves the cooler. 

Besides, a reliable water injection system is to be recommended, in order to protect the fan, the dust collection system (on the downstream side of the fan) and the clinker handling equipment against overheating in extreme cases. 

Johnson, M. D., Harless, M. L., Dickinson, A. L. and Burger, E. D., 1999. A New Chemical Approach to Mitigate Sulflde Production in Oilfield Water Injection Systems, SPE 50741, Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, 1999. 

Maxwell, S., Mutch, K., Hellings, G., Badalek, P. and Charlton, P., 2002. In-Field Biocide Optimisation for Magnus Water Injection System Corrosion/2002, Paper No. 02031 (Denver, CO NACE 2002). 

Thorstenson, T., Bodtker, G., Sunde, E. and Boeder, J., 2002. Biocide Replacement by Nitrate in Sea Water Injection Systems. Corrosion/ 2002, Paper No. 02033 (Denver, CO NACE 2002). 

Chitrphiromsri, P., Kuznetsov, A.V., Song, G., Barker, R.L., 2006. Investigation of feasibility of developing intelligent firefighter-protective garments based on the utilization of a water-injection system. Numer. Heat Transfer Part A Appl. 49 (5), 427 50. 

Corrosion rates for water injection systems could be modeled by a gaussian distribution. 

Water of low-to-moderate salt concentrations is encountered in municipal water systems, cooling waters, marine and offshore activities, and oil-field water injection systems. Because metals adsorb ions of dissolved salts in water, an inhibitor has more difficulty in reaching the metal surface and... 

The measurement of suspended sohds should be carried out where necessary as part of a water quality assessment. In oil-field water injection systems for example, where plugging of a tight formation could result, suspended solids must be kept to a minimum. The measurement may also be used as an indication of deteriorating water quality due to bacterial action and/or corrosion in the system. 

There are a number of machine manufacturers who now offer water injection systems. For example Battenfeld offer AQUAMOULD , Engel offer WATERMELT and Ferromatik Milacron offer the... 

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