Wastewater and Treatment

Uses. The principal use of magnesium hydroxide is in the pulp (qv) and paper (qv) industries (52). The main captive use is in the production of magnesium oxide, chloride, and sulfate. Other uses include ceramics, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, plastics, flame retardants/smoke suppressants, and the expanding environmental markets for wastewater treatment and SO removal from waste gases (87). 

EPA has also developed pretreatment standards for industrial faciHties that discharge directiy to pubHcly owned treatment works (POTWs). The three types of pollutants of principal concern are pollutants that interfere with the operation of the POTW, pollutants that contaminate the sludges produced in the POTW, and pollutants that pass through the POTW or that are otherwise incompatible. One particular concern is volatile contaminants that can be stripped into the air during conventional wastewater treatment and become air pollution problems. These pretreatment standards are included in the effluent guidelines for the different industries. 

RO, primarily used ia the dairy iadustry, is expanding iato other areas of food processiag. RO can be used for a variety of operations, ranging from wastewater treatment and material recovery to clarification and concentration. Material recovery is advantageous for two reasons. By recovering valuable products, eg, proteias, from waste streams, profits can be iacreased while costs for waste disposal decreased. An excellent review of the different apphcations ofRO ia food processiag is available (9). 

H. W. Prengle, Jr., Proceedings of the Seminar on Wastewater Treatment and Disinfection with Ocyone, International 02one Association, Vieima, Va., 1977. 

Sodium Tetrahydroborate, Na[BH ]. This air-stable white powder, commonly referred to as sodium borohydride, is the most widely commercialized boron hydride material. It is used in a variety of industrial processes including bleaching of paper pulp and clays, preparation and purification of organic chemicals and pharmaceuticals, textile dye reduction, recovery of valuable metals, wastewater treatment, and production of dithionite compounds. Sodium borohydride is produced in the United States by Morton International, Inc., the Alfa Division of Johnson Matthey, Inc., and Covan Limited, with Morton International supplying about 75% of market. More than six million pounds of this material suppHed as powder, pellets, and aqueous solution, were produced in 1990. 

High yields of NaOCl are obtained electrolyticaHy by oxidation of CT at dimensionally stable anodes (219). Sodium hypochlorite is prepared using small diaphragmless or membrane cells, with a capacity of 1—150 kg/d of equivalent CI2, which produce a dilute hypochlorite solution of 1—3 and 5—6 g/L from seawater and brine, respectively (see Chemicals from brine). They are employed in sewage and wastewater treatment and in commercial laundries, large swimming pools, and aboard ships. 

NFPA 820 Standard for Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment and Collection Facilities. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

For PM applications, wet scrubbers generate waste in the form of a slurry or wet sludge. This creates the need for both wastewater treatment and solid waste disposal. Initially, the slurry is treated to separate the solid waste from the water. The treated water can then be reused or discharged. Once the water is removed, the remaining waste will be in the form of a solid or sludge. 

Lime is among a family of chemicals which are alkaline in nature and contain principally calcium, oxygen and, in some cases, magnesium. In this grouping are included quicklime, dolomitic lime, hydrated lime, dolomitic hydrated lime, limestone, and dolomite. The most commonly used additives are quicklime and hydrated lime, but the dolomitic counterparts of these chemicals (i.e., the high-magnesium forms) are also widely used in wastewater treatment and are generally similar in physical requirements. 

Wastewater Treatment and Metal Finishing Equipment. .. Your eomplete souree of new and reeonditioned industrial wastewater treatment, metal finishing, and biologieal treatment systems and equipment. URL http //wmi-inc.eom. 

Environmental Dynamies - Worldwide Wastewater Treatment Systems Wastewater Environmental Dynamies, Ine. wastewater treatment. Biologieal wastewater treatment and advaneed teehnology aeration-mixing systems. URL http //www.wastewater.eom. 

Market areas of interest to manufaeturers of ozone systems, aetual uses defined as those whieh have been in operation for some time and not ineluding "pilot" studies, arise in the following eategories odor eontrol (sewage treatment and industrial), industrial ehemieals synthesis, industrial water and wastewater treatment, and drinking water disinfeetion. 

MEDAWARE (2005) Technical guidelines on wastewater utilisation (task 5). Development of tools and guidelines for the promotion of the sustainable urban wastewater treatment and reuse in the agricultural production in the mediterranean countries. MEDAWARE ME8/ AIDCO/2001/0515/59341-P033... 

Hafez A, Khedr M, Gadallah H (2007) Wastewater treatment and water reuse of food processing industries. Part II Techno-economic study of a membrane separation technique. Desalination 214 261-272... 

Choukrallah R (2009) Practices for wastewater treatment and re-use in the mediterranean case of Morocco. INNOVA-MED innovative processes and practices for wastewater treatment and re-use in the Mediterranean region. FP 6... 

Kasprzyk-Hordem B, Dinsdale RM, Guwy AJ (2009) The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disrupters and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Res 43(2) 363-380... 

Saski EK, JK Jokela, MS Salkinoja-Salonen (1996a) Biodegradability of different size classes of bleached kraft mill effluent organic halogens during wastewater treatment and in lake environments. In Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents (Eds MR Servos, KR Munlittrick, JH Carey, and GJ van der Kraak), pp. 179-193. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL. 

Wastewater treatment and water purification applications employ UF in a TFF or NFF mode to produce permeate product with reduced colloids, pyrogens, and viruses. Oil droplets in wastewater are retained by UF for recycle or disposal at a significantly reduced vol-... 

CWA Sludges resulting from CWA wastewater treatment and pretreatment are subject to RCRA... 

Sludge resulting from wastewater treatment and pretreatment under CWA must be handled as an RCRA waste under Subtitle C, if hazardous. 

MBRs and membrane filtration provide great alternatives for wastewater treatment and reuse of water. 

Another way to deal with the effluent treatment is by distributed effluent treatment or segregated effluent treatment. The basic idea is illustrated in Figure 26.3. In addition to some reuse of water between Operation 2 and Operation 1, some local treatment (distributed treatment) is taking place on the outlet of Operation 1 and on the outlet of Operation 3 before going to final wastewater treatment and discharge. 

Sawyer, G.A. New Trends in Wastewater Treatment and Recycle, Chemical Engineering, July 24, 1972, p. 121. 

One of the most important fields of application of photocatalysis is the photodegeneration of organic compounds. These processes are used in particular for environmental decontamination, especially for wastewater treatment and air purification, because of the ability of semiconductors to totally degrade organics to C02, H 20, and inorganic anions under U V or visible light. This behavior is attributed to the photoinduced formation of radicals, such as OH, or to the adsorption and direct degradation of the pollutants. 

Gross M, Petrovic M, Ginebrada A, Barcelo D (2010) Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indices. Environ Int 36 15-26... 

Monitoring programs should focus not only on parent compounds but also on metabolites (i.e., conjugates). Moreover, attention should be paid on elucidating the transformation products generated after wastewater treatment and on evaluating their toxicity. 

---