Urban wastewater treatment

MEDAWARE (2005) Technical guidelines on wastewater utilisation (task 5). Development of tools and guidelines for the promotion of the sustainable urban wastewater treatment and reuse in the agricultural production in the mediterranean countries. MEDAWARE ME8/ AIDCO/2001/0515/59341-P033... 

Loganathan B, Phillips M, Mowery H, Jones-Lepp TL (2009) Contamination profiles and mass loadings of macrolide antibiotics and illicit drugs from a small urban wastewater treatment plant. Chemosphere 75(l) 70-77... 

Fig. 3 Concentrations of main families of pharmaceuticals found in treated effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants [136]...

Chemical pollution From a qualitative point of view, an important common issue is the excess of chemicals (fertilisers and pesticides) associated with agrarian and livestock farming diffuse sources and the point-source discharge of (treated and untreated) sewage water. Industrial point-source pollution is not addressed as a relevant issue, but it is assumed that industries operate following the legal rules and only the incomplete elimination of industrial chemicals in urban wastewater treatment plants is perceived as a problem. 

European Commission, Council Directive of 21 May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment, 91/271/EEC. 

While not specifically related to polyurethanes, a study by Hall and Rao serves as a useful review of the immobilization of algae by various methods. " The reasons for using green and red algae and cyanobacteria are reviewed. Possible applications include the production of fuels, fertilizers, biochemicals, and pharmaceuticals the extraction of heavy metals from aqueous solutions and urban wastewater treatment. 

Perez-Cid et al. (1996) compared Tessier and BCR sequential extractions for the speciation of Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn in sludge from an urban wastewater treatment plant and found similar performance for the two procedures. Zufiaurre et al. (1998) later demonstrated, using the Tessier method and PCA, that, since most metals in a sludge were bound to oxidisable and residual fractions, bioavailability was likely to be very low. 

Pouet MF, Grasmick A. Urban wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation and flotation. Water Sci Technol 1995 31 275-283. 

EEA, 2005. Effectivness of urban wastewater treatment policies in selected countries an EEA pilot study, EEA Report N° 2/2005, October 2005. 

Formal decision analysis methods, in particular Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis MCDA, see [960[ for an overview) such as Utility Analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process AHP), seek to formally assess the importance of several criteria and the grade to which the criteria are respected by different alternatives, to detect inconsistencies in the assessments, and finally to recommend the best fitting alternative. Several applications in the domain of chemical engineering are reported in the literature, including the design of urban wastewater treatment plants [672] and separation systems for hydrocarbons [621]. 

Tiller, F.M., and Wenping Li. 2001. Cost minimization study of a full scale urban wastewater treatment plant. Proceedings of the 6th European Biosolids and Organic Residuals Conference West Yorkshire, UK November, 11-14. 

Some complementary techniques can be used, such as membrane processes, for example. Urban wastewater treatment by membrane (e.g. microfiltration) can be envisaged up to a virtual disinfection, but the industrial development of these processes is still limited by the rather low value of the permeate fluxes and by membrane fouling that is... 

Generally, industrial treatment plants integrate hyphenated processes with pretreatment steps more important than for urban wastewater treatment. In this case, UV spectra allow showing the effect of the different treatment processes. 

Kelly, M.G. (2001) Role of benthic diatoms in the implementation of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive in the River Wear, NE England, Journal of Applied Phycology, 14, 9-18. 

Gimenez, J. B., Robles, A., Carretero, L., Duran, F., Ruano, M. V., Gatti, M. N., et al. (2011). Experimental study of the anaerobic urban wastewater treatment in a submerged hoUow-fibre membrane bioreactor at pilot scale. Bioresource Technology, 102, 8799—8806. 

The European Waste Directive defines waste as any substance or object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard. The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (Council Directive 91/271/EEC) defines domestic wastewater as wastewater from residential settlements and services which originates predominantly from the human metabolism and from household activities. Additionally definitions are given for urban wastewater, which additionally may be mixed with industrial wastewater and/or runoff rainwater as well as for industrial wastewater. 

The Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulations 1994 requires Water Services Companies to exercise tireir powers xmder the Water Industry Act 1991 and to write conditions into trade effluent consents and agreements to control trade effluents, eitirer alone or in combination with other... 

The Urban Wastewater Treatment Regulations 1994, The Stationery Office, London (1994)... 

CD 91/271/EEC 1991. Agenda 21 - local and global. Source http //www.agenda21-treffpunkt. de/global/ CD 91/271/EEC EU COUNCIL DIRECTIVE of 21 May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment 91/271/EEC) (OJ L 135, 30.5.1991, p. 40). Source http //eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do uri=CONSLEG 1991L0271 20081211 EN PDF... 

MBR processes is usually low since the As species remain in soluble form. Few cases showed how major role was played by the problematic layers such as fouling and clogging layers. Consequently, other processes should be integrated if enhanced As removal is required. Fluoride removal in urban wastewater is variable depending on the operating conditions of the urban wastewater treatment plant. Research data concerning the fate and removal of trace U in urban wastewater is very limited. Selenium removal by MBR is moderate to low. Both U and Se are met in very low concentrations in municipal wastewater. 

Hospido, A., Moreira, Ma. T., Martin, M. et al. (2005) Environmental evaluation of different treatment processes for sludge from urban wastewater treatments. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess., 10, 336-345. 

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