Kraft mill effluent

Closed-Mill Concept. The closed-mill concept, or water circuit closure, has been studied by the pulp and paper industry for many years. In some parts of the paper manufacturing process, up to 98% of the water is recycled within the process, eg, the wet end of the paper machine. However, in the pulp mill, especiaUy kraft mills, effluents are produced owing to the need to purge from the system various metals that come in with the wood, as weU as organic by-products from the pulping process, additives, and especially chloride ions that originate in the bleach plant. 

Environmental antiandrogens Vinclozolin Procymidone Kraft mill effluent... 

Complex mixtures Tannery and Kraft mill effluent Sediment extract Sewage effluent... 

However, not all EDs with a high log possess or require the ability to bioaccnmulate in order to be biologically active. For example, phthalate plasticisers, chlorophenols from Kraft mill effluents and natural or synthetic hormones can influence an organism s hormone profile and affect reproductive function and immune response without exhibiting bioaccnmiilation. ... 

Kutney JP, E Dimitriadis, GM Hewitt, PJ Salisbury, M Singh (1982) Studies related to biological detoxification of kraft mill effluent IV—the biodegradation of 14-chlorodehydroabietic acid with Mortierella... 

Saski EK, JK Jokela, MS Salkinoja-Salonen (1996a) Biodegradability of different size classes of bleached kraft mill effluent organic halogens during wastewater treatment and in lake environments. In Environmental Fate and Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents (Eds MR Servos, KR Munlittrick, JH Carey, and GJ van der Kraak), pp. 179-193. St Lucie Press, Delray Beach, FL. 

For kraft pulp mills, the Cluster Rules add toxic and nonconventional pollutants to the list of regulated pollutants only for bleached papergrade kraft mills. Effluent limitations guidelines and standards were added for the following BAT and PSES pollutants (and NSPS/PSNS for new sources) chloroform, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, 12 chlorinated phenolic compounds, and AOX. All of the... 

Lepp, H.J.T. Oikari, A.O.J. The occurrence and bioavailability of retene and resin acids in sediments of a lake receiving BKME (bleached Kraft mill effluent). Water. Sci. Technol. 1999, 40 11-12), 131-138. 

Kovacs, T.G. Gibbons, J.S. Trembaly, L.A. O Connor, B.I. Martel, P.H. Vos, R.H. The effects of a secondary treated bleached Kraft mill effluent on aquatic organisms as assessed by short term and long term laboratory tests. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 1995, 31, 7-22. 

Lee, E.G.-H. Crowe, M.F. Stutz, H. Anaerobic-aerobic lagoon treatment of Kraft mill effluent for enhanced removal of AOX. Water Pollut. Res. J. Can. 1993, 28, 549-569. 

Dahlman O, Morck R, Ljungquist P, Relmann A, Johansson C, Boren H, Grimvall A (1993) Chlorinated Structural Elements in High Molecular Weight Organic Matter from Unpolluted Waters and Bleached-Kraft Mill Effluents. Environ Sci Technol 27 1616... 

Soderstrom, M., Wachtmeister, C.A., Fdrlin, L. (1994) Analysis of chlorophenolics from bleach Kraft Mill effluents (BKME) in bile of perch (Perea fluviatilis) from the Baltic Sea and development of an analytical procedure also measuring chlorocatechols. Chemosphere 28, 1701-1719. 

Burnison BK, Hodson PV, Nuttley DJ, Efler S. 1996. A bleached-kraft mill effluent fraction causing induction of a fish mixed-function oxygenase enzyme. Environ Toxicol Chem 15 1524-1531. 

Munkittrick KR, Van der Kraak GJ, McMaster ME, Portt CB. 1992. Response of hepatic MFO activity and plasma sex steroids to secondary treatment of bleached kraft mill effluent and mill shutdown. Environ Toxicol Chem 11 1427-1439. 

Fibric acid hypolipidemic agents Beclobric acid Ciprofibrate Clofibrate Gemfibrozil Simfibrate Other xenobiotics Bleached kraft mill effluents Citral Dimethrin... 

R.H. Voss, Chlorinated Neutral Organics in Biologically Treated Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17(9), 530 (1983). 

Hodson, P.V., McWhirter, M., Ralph, K., Thievierge, D., Carey, J.H., Vanderkraak, G., Whittle, D.M. and Levesque, M.C. (1992) Effects of bleached kraft mill effluents on fish in the St-Maurice river, Quebec. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 11, 1635-1651. 

White suckers Bleached Kraft mill effluent Liver RTL-W1 EROD 202... 

Parrott, J.L., M. van den Heuvel, L.M. Hewitt, M.A. Baker and K.R. Munkittrick. Isolation of MFO inducers from tissues of white suckers caged in bleached kraft mill effluent. Chemosphere 41 1083—1089, 2000. 

Hontela, A., C. Daniel and J.B. Rasmussen. Structural and functional impairment of the hypothalamo-pituitary-interrenal axis in fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent in the St Maurice River, Quebec. Ecotoxicology 6 1-12, 1997. 

Lappivaara, J. and A. Oikari. Altered challenge response in whitehsh subchronically exposed in areas polluted by bleached kraft mill effluents. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 43 212-222, 1999. 

Munkittrick, K.R., C.B. Portt, G.J. Van Der Kraak, I.R. Smith and D.A. Rokosh. Impact of bleached kraft mill effluent on population characteristics, fiver MFO activity, and serum steroid levels of a Luke Superior white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) population. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48 1371 — 1380, 1991. 

Higashi, R.M., G.N. Cherr, J.M. Shenker, J.M. Macdonald, and D.G. Crosby. 1992. A polar high molecular mass constituent of bleached kraft mill effluent is toxic to marine organisms. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26 2413-2420. 

Andersson, T., B.-E. Bengtsson, L. Forlin, J. Hardig, and A. Larsson. 1987. Long-term effects of bleached kraft mill effluents on carbohydrate metabolism and hepatic xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes in fish. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 13 53-60. 

Cherr, G.N., J.M. Shenker, C. Lundmark, and K.O. Turner. 1987. Toxic effects of selected bleached kraft mill effluent constituents on sea urchin sperm cell. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6 561-569. 

Hall, T.J., R.K. Haley, and L.E. LaFleur. 1991. Effects of biologically treated bleached kraft mill effluent on cold water stream productivity in experimental stream channels. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10 1051-1060. 

Larsson, A., T. Andersson, L. Forlin, and J. Hardig. 1988. Physiological disturbances in fish exposed to bleached kraft mill effluents. Water Sci. Technol. 20 (2) 67-76. 

McMaster, M.E., C.B. Portt, K.R. Munnkittrick, and D.G. Dixon. 1992. Milt characteristics, reproductive performance, and larval survival and development of white sucker exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 23 103-117. 

Shenker, J.M. and G.N. Cherr. 1990. Toxicity of zinc and bleached kraft mill effluent to larval English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and topsmelt (Atherinops affinis). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19 680-685. 

Kraft-mill effluent) contain various plant sterols, primarily P-sitosterol (e.85%) and stigmasterol (c.3%) (see Fig. 2.22 for structures), which have oestrogenic activity (they are known to cause masculinization in fish),... 

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