Wastewater collection and

The development that has taken place is the result of 100-150 years of enormous investments. All over the world, this has left us with a sewer and treatment plant infrastructure that will be in use for an unknown future. We will still see developments in terms of technical improvements and sustainable solutions. However, we will not, as a general trend, see the wastewater collection and treatment concept replaced by, e.g., centralized collection of solid human excreta or on-site solutions. This could have been a realistic option for further development 150 years ago — not now ... 

ASCE (1989), Sulfide in wastewater collection and treatment systems, ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers) Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice 69, 324. 

Lincoln City, Oregon, Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities, Lincoln City, Oregon, URL http //www.ci.lincoln-city.or.ns/works/wwtp/wwtp.html, 2003. 

Sulfide in Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems American Society of Civil Engineers, 1989, Product No. 681-4,... 

Any Nation s water sector is critical from both a public health and an economic standpoint. The water sector consists of two basic, yet vital, components fresh water supply and wastewater collection and treatment. Sector infrastructures are diverse, complex, and distributed, ranging from systems that serve a few customers to those that serve millions. These utilities depend onreservoirs, dams, wells, andaquifers, as well as treatment facilities, pmnping stations, aqueducts, and transmission pipelines. (PCCIP, 1997). 

When environmental engineering, once a branch of civil engineering, first became a separate field in the mid-1800 s, it was known as sanitary engineering. Initially, the field involved the water supply, water treatment, and wastewater collection and treatment. 

Over two billion people on the planet lack adequate sanitation, and one billion do not have sufficient access to potable water. Energy demands for conventional water and wastewater processes are a large part of the problem. In the US, we use approximately 4-5% of our electricity production for the water infrastructure, which includes water treatment and distribution, and wastewater collection and treatment. Approximately 1.5% of our electricity goes to wastewater treatment alone. The costs for maintaining the infrastructure are significant, with an annual cost for wastewater treatment of 25 billion. It is expected that over the next twenty years an additional 45 billion will need to be expended to maintain and improve this infrastructure WIN200]). 

NFPA 820 Standard for Fire Protection in Wastewater Treatment and Collection Facilities. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA. 

Use dry dust collection and removal systems to avoid the generation of wastewater. Recycle collected dust. 

Tier 0 and Tier 1 costs are direct and indirect costs. They include the engineering, materials, labor, construction, contingency, etc., as well as waste-collection and transportation services (in many cases we simply transform an air pollution problem into a solid waste or wastewater problem that requires final treatment and disposal), raw-material consumption (increase or decrease), and production costs. Tier 2 and... 

Database for management of sanitary and storm wastewater collection systems. Maintains field operations data including safety history, engineering data, inspection recoids, and work orders. Requires 640K memory and hard disk. 

The non-penicillin wastewater from a pharmaceutical company was collected and used in the batch aeration wastewater treatment experiment. The pharmaceutical wastewater had a clear orange colour, strong odour, contained toxic chemicals and had a COD value in the range of 3000-30,000 mg per litre. The pH of the wastewater was neutralised and monitored for each experimental ran, as the bacteria would have a higher rate of propagation at neutral pH. 

Kraft pulp mills treat wastewater using primary (physical) and secondary (biological) treatment to reduce pollutant discharges to receiving waters. Kraft mills typically collect and treat the following wastewaters36 ... 

The main points of collection and subsequent release of these contaminants into the environment are wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), where they enter via domestic and hospital sewages or industrial discharges [1]. Some of them are more likely accumulated in sewage sludge, due to their moderate to high hydrophobic... 

Figure 4 shows the concentration range determined for each investigated drug and metabolite in the surface and wastewaters collected in the Ebro River basin, and its comparison with the drug levels found in similar studies carried out in other locations of Spain [6, 7,12,13,19, 31-33] and in various countries of the American [5, 10, 15, 22, 23] and the European continents [8, 9, 11, 14, 16-18, 21, 24-30]. Drug residue levels found in influent and effluent wastewaters from the Ebro River basin were mostly between the minimum and maximum concentrations described for these compounds in the peer-reviewed literature. Only, few compounds, e.g.,... 

The flows of wastewater originating from the water supply of a community and runoff from precipitation on urban surfaces are typically collected and conveyed for treatment and disposal. The system used for this purpose is called a sewer network or a collection system that consists of individual pipes (sewer lines) and a number of installations, such as inlet structures and pumps, to facilitate collection and transport. The efficient, safe and cost-effective collection and transport of wastewater and urban runoff have been identified as key criteria to be observed. In this context, the word safe means that public health, welfare and environmental protection have high priority. The demand for solutions toward more sustainable water management in the cities is a new challenge. 

In conventional design and management practice, treatment of wastewater is assumed to take place entirely within the treatment plant, while a sewer network serves the sole purpose of collecting and transporting wastewater from source to treatment. The concept of considering the sewer as a process reactor... 

The sewer network we know today is a relatively new infrastructure in the cities. Not until the middle of the 19th century did it become common to construct underground wastewater collection systems in European cities. London and Paris were among the first, but other cities followed rapidly. The first sewers developed from the storm drains, which now were allowed to receive waterborne wastes from flush toilets, converting the drains into combined sewers. A major reason for collecting the wastewater was the enormous problem of unpleasant smell from the open sewers, cesspools and privies and the requirements for space in the streets in the densely populated cities. 

Sanitary sewer network sanitary sewers—often identified as separate sewers — are developed to collect and transport wastewater from residential areas, commercial areas and industries. The wastewater transported in these sewers typically has a relatively high concentration of biodegradable organic matter and is therefore biologically active. Wastewater in these sewers is, from a process point of view, a mixture of biomass (especially heterotrophic bacteria) and substrate for this biomass. 

A sewer network and any corresponding treatment have traditionally been separately designed and operated. Two different and separate functions have been dealt with the sewer system must collect and convey the wastewater to the treatment plant, and the treatment plant must reduce pollution load into the receiving water according to the quality standards set. Consequently, sewers are often just considered input systems at the boundaries where they are connected with wastewater treatment plants and overflow structures that discharge untreated wastewater into watercourses during rainfall. This traditional approach to sewer performance needs considerable improvement. 

Against this background, a sustainable and integrated dimension of wastewater management in sewer networks is needed. The safe and efficient collection and conveyance of wastewater to treatment and disposal are still main concerns. The consideration of sewer processes as an element in the design and operation of sewers will give anew dimension to the overall objective of sewer management and contribute to improved sustainability. Therefore, the technical systems must be considered holistically ... 

Matos, J.S. and E. R. de Sousa (1991), Dissolved oxygen in small wastewater collection systems, Water Sci. Tech., 23(10-12), 1845-1851. 

Tchobanoglous, G. (ed.) (1981), Occurrence, effect and control of the biological transformations in sewers. Chapter 7 in Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering Collection and Pumping of Wastewater, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 232-268. 

This chapter focuses on two main subjects. It will first deal with knowledge and methodologies of good practice in the study of chemical and microbial processes in wastewater collection systems. The information on such processes is provided by investigations, measurements and analyses performed at bench, pilot and field scale. Second, it is the objective to establish the theoretical basis for determination of parameters to be used for calibration and validation of sewer process models. These main objectives of the chapter are integrated sampling, pilot-scale and field measurements and laboratory studies and analyses are needed to determine wastewater characteristics, including those kinetic and stoichiometric parameters that are used in models for simulation of the site-specific sewer processes. 

From a process point of view, it is typical to distinguish between wastewater collection in pressurized systems and gravity sewer networks. The reason is that anaerobic conditions typically prevail in pressure sewers, whereas in gravity sewers, conditions are established for aerobic processes. Different empirical models for pressure mains and gravity sewers have, therefore, been developed. 

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