Combined severity

Since 1970 a variety of reaction classification schemes have been developed to allow a more systematic processing of the huge variety of chemical reaction instances (see Chapter III, Section 1 in the Handbook). Reaction classification serves to combine several reaction instances into one reaction type. In this way, the vast number of observed chemical reactions is reduced to a manageable number of reaction types. Apphcation to specific starting materials of the bond and electron changes inherent in such a reaction type then generates a specific reaction instance. 

Lift can usually be handled most economically by vertical or inclined bucket elevators, but when lift and horizontal travel are combined, other conveyors should be considered. Conveyors that combine several directions of travel in a single unit are generally more expensive, but since they require only a single drive, this feature often compensates for the added base cost. 

The standard doesn t require a procedure for Management Review and while it does require procedures for Design Control it does not specify that a Design Review Procedure is required. The phrases consistent with and in accordance with have the same meaning as both imply compatibility and agreement. If you restrict yourself to a literal interpretation of the standard, you need produce no more than 43 documented procedures - possibly less if some aspects do not apply to your business. You can combine several procedures in one document, the size of which depends on the complexity of your business. The more complex the business the greater the number of quality system documents. The more variations in the ways that work is executed, the larger the quality system will need to be. If you have a small business and only one way of carry-... 

In the case of a large-scale development it may be desirable to combine several environmental services for a full environmental impact assessment (ElA). This is the process of examining, in a comprehensive, detailed and systematic manner, the existing environment (natural, built and social) and the development that it is proposed to place within it. By integrating the two, an objective estimate can then be made of the likely effects of the development upon the environment, including benefits and negative impacts. Special techniques may be employed to help identify or quantify these impacts (e.g. the use of interaction matrices, overlays, screening tests, checklists, etc.). 

Occasionally, chemists need to invert the stereochemistry of an alkene—that is, to convert a cis alkene to a trans alkene, or vice versa. There is no one-step method fordoing an alkene inversion, but the transformation can be carried out by combining several reactions in the proper sequence. How would you carry out the following reactions ... 

Polymer electrolytes (Sec. 8), especially those which have been developed recently, combine several advantages of both types of electrolytes. They share sev-... 

Treatment for tumor patients with synthetic drags -chemotherapeutics - that may be of completely different chemical structure. The main goal of tumor chemotherapy is to achieve a selective toxicity for the tumor without causing damage to the host, for instance by combining several cytostatic drags at doses lower than required for monotherapy. 

The requirements for pretreatment vary considerably from plant to plant, and there is always more than one way to provide the appropriate quality needed. Pretreatment may combine several process steps including ... 

Chemical vapor deposition is a synthesis process in which the chemical constituents react in the vapor phase near or on a heated substrate to form a solid deposit. The CVD technology combines several scientific and engineering disciplines including thermodynamics, plasma physics, kinetics, fluid dynamics, and of course chemistry. In this chapter, the fundamental aspects of these disciplines and their relationship will be examined as they relate to CVD. 

A setting that turns up quite often is the following A series of m batches of a given product have been produced, and a certain parameter, such as the content of a particular compound, was measured n, times for each batch. The largest and the smallest means, x iean,max resp. Xmean.min. appear to differ significantly. Which of the two is aberrant A simple /-test cannot answer this question. The multiple-range test combines several /-tests into one simultaneous test. ... 

To extract this knowledge from the various heterogeneous data sources made accessible to the KSP and the UltraLink, we combine several steps of normalization and analysis. These procedures are applied at loading time whenever the documents are displayed in the browser. 

Since we are interested in evaluating structure-activity relationships (see Sect. 2.2), it is important to combine several analytical methods to allow a characterization at a molecular level for example, elemental analysis, IR, and advanced NMR spectroscopies, EXAFS and chemical reactivity studies. 

Referring to highly parallel synthesis, the smallness of the micro-channel dimensions enables one to combine several micro imit operations on one chip [23]. By using multi-layered chip architecture complicated fluidic circuits with nx m combinations of fluid streams can be made. By this means, truly combinatorial parallel processing can be achieved. 

There are thousands of commercially available additives of diverse chemical classes and with masses ranging from a few hundred to several thousand Daltons (cf. also Appendix II). Deformulation means reverse engineering, with subsequent analysis of each separated component. Product deformulation may hint towards the process of origin. Deformulation will combine several... 

By combining several click reactions, click chemistry allows for the rapid synthesis of useful new compounds of high complexity and combinatorial libraries. The 2-type reaction of the azide ion with a variety of epoxides to give azido alcohols has been exploited extensively in click chemistry. First of all, azido alcohols can be converted into amino alcohols upon reduction.70 On the other hand, aliphatic azides are quite stable toward a number of other standard organic synthesis conditions (orthogonality), but readily undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with alkynes. An example of the sequential reactions of... 

For a unit that simply combines several inlet streams into one outlet stream, the split-fraction coefficients for each component will be equal to 1. = 1. 

With mechanisms such as these, it is often possible to simplify the analysis of the action of a channel blocker by assuming that agonist binding is much faster than channel opening and closing and then combining several closed states together so that the mechanism approximates a three-state system ... 

In the data manipulation module, input data sourced from several databases and from the hydrology module are transformed into appropriate geographical information system (GIS) formats [61]. Before that, the hydrology module combines several hydrological databases with a hydrological model, providing to the... 

The parameter h which combines several effects, must be at least as large as the convective heat transfer coefficient (hc calculated from the jH factor correlations discussed in Section 12.5. It is given by an expression of the following form... 

Finally, we would stress that although it is not straightforward to achieve changes in prescribing patterns, there is a minimum of evidence to support the effectiveness of a coherent and systematic strategy that combines several formulas simultaneously, involves health professionals, and ultimately leads to... 

The simplest scenario to simulate is a homopolymerization during which the monomer concentration is held constant. We assume a constant reaction volume in order to simplify the system of equations. Conversion of monomer to polymer, Xp defined as the mass ratio of polymer to free monomer, is used as an independent variable. Use of this variable simplifies the model by combining several variables, such as catalyst load, turnover frequency, and degradation rate, into a single value. Also, by using conversion instead of time as an independent variable, the model only requires three dimensionless kinetics parameters. 

When combining several precursors and latent conditions in company A, the following scenario, which is an alignment of several affected safety barriers, could be identified ... 

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