Types of Secondary Waste

Characterizations by means of extractive techniques may be required for certain types of secondary waste such as porous and/or adsorptive wastes for which headspace monitoring alone is not appropriate. Wastes that cannot be decontaminated to the appropriate applicable AEL(s) must be processed in the MPT before being shipped offsite for disposal in a permitted TSDF (BPBGT, 2006b).- ... 

The material intliis section is supplemented by material in a previous National Research Council report (NRC, 2007), which addressed four chemical agent disposal facihty sites in the continental United States that use incineration technology and one site that uses neutralization technology, all of them operated under the authority of the CMA. The regulatory requirements and the types of secondary wastes that will be generated at the two ACWA facilities being studied here are very similar to those at the CMA facilities. 

What is the disposition of final treatment residuals Recycle Hazardous waste landfill Nonhazardous waste landfill Other Some secondary wastes, even after treatment, may be considered hazardous and may need to be disposed of accordingly. Some types of secondary wastes may be released as is for reuse or recycling. 

Incineration has been used for the destruction of both agents and various types of secondary waste. This report looks primarily at the destruction of agents. The U.S. Army... 

Finding 5-3. Incineration is a highly developed and well-proven technology for the destruction of chemical agent and various types of secondary waste. Public acceptability of the technology is poor within the United States but adequate in most other countries. 

Has the technology been permitted or otherwise approved in the U.S. for CWM or energetics The technology been not been permitted or otherwise approved in the U.S. for CWA or energetics. Incineration has been permitted in die U.S. for die destruction of chemical weapons. In addition, commercial incinerators have been used to treat some types of secondary wastes. The technology has been permitted or otherwise approved for use in the U.S. 

The NSCWCC s advocacy of pollution prevention was also endorsed by a member of the APG RAB, although he noted that the cradle-to-grave concept of looking at a technology as a whole—taking into account the amount and type of secondary wastes produced—is moderately new to DOD. He added that this is a hard concept to get across to installations in the field that are faced with the everyday task of doing the work when there are too many tasks and too little time and money, and that it will take time for people in the defense community to view the issue holistically. 

CMA has estimated the types and quantities of secondary wastes projected to be in storage at the end of operations for each of the five chemical agent disposal facilities included in this study (Table 1-3). These quantities include wastes generated during operations but exclude wastes for which an on-site or off-site disposal option is currently available and is being used. Table 1-3 also does not include closure wastes. Several of the smaller individual waste streams cited earlier are combined in this summary for reporting purposes. The total estimated secondary waste stream inventory at the end of operations based on current practices is... 

Significant amounts of secondary wastes are generated at each site as a result of operations, and additional quantities of wastes will be generated during closure operations. Closure wastes will be discussed separately in Chapter 4. In Chapter 3, the secondary wastes generated as a result of operations are identified by type, followed by a discussion of the challenges faced by each site. 

Our of process factor, selecting an appropriate pH/temperature as well as the type of the reactor are the most crucial factors. The solution pH is of major importance because it influences the speciation of metal ions in the solution and algae tolerance. Through a number of studies it has been established that the best biosorption capacity using dead biomass is achieved in pH 3 - 6.5. At pH<3.0 - uptake capacity decreases because H and metal ions are in competition for the binding sites. At pH>6.5 most heavy metal precipitate as hydroxides (potential source of secondary waste, i.e. toxic chemical sludge), only a small portion binds to ligands via complexation. 

The four last columns give the mass, related to sections cut, for each type of secondary solid waste ... 

Contaminant removal processes depend on the type and source of secondary fiber to be pulped. Mill paper waste can be easily repulped with minimal contaminant removal. Recycled postconsumer newspaper, on the other hand, may require extensive contaminant removal, including deinking, prior to reuse. Secondary fiber is typically used in lower-quality applications such as multiply paper-board or corrugating paper. 

The above-cited studies demonstrate the performance of a particular unit system for the treatment of specific type of waste stream. A particular unit system alone may not be able to treat the wastewater to a level of effluent standard prescribed for its safe disposal. Hence a number of pretreatments, such as screening, sedimentation, equalization, and neutralization, and post-treatment units such as secondary sedimentation, sludge thickening, digestion and disposal, disinfection, and so on, are extremely important for complete treatment. The effluent treatment and disposal facilities adopted by various types of pharmaceutical industries are described in the following sections. 

The DirCon freeze crystallization process is a technology that can be used to purify aqueous waste streams and concentrate liquid waste by the freezing and subsequent melting of the liquid. This technology is a type of direct-contact secondary-refrigerant freeze crystallization and operates on the principle that when water freezes, the crystal structure that forms naturally exudes contaminants from its matrix. The terms freeze crystallization and freeze concentration are often used interchangeably. 

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