Chemical waste types

For metal compound categories (e.g.,chromiumcompounds), report releases of only the parent metal. Forexample, a user of various inorganic chromium salts would report the total chromium released in each waste type regardless of the chemical form (e.g., as the original salts, chromium ion, oxide) and exclude any contribution to mass made by other species in the molecule. 

Water which is used for cooling purposes in refineries and chemical plant can cause severe problems of corrosion and erosion. Ordinary cast irons usually fail in this type of environment due to graphitic corrosion or corrosion/ erosion. Ni-Resist irons however show better corrosion resistance, due to the nobility of the austenitic matrix, and are preferred for use in the more aggressive environments such as those containing appreciable amounts of carbon dioxide or polluted with chemical wastes or sea-water. 

It is not currently feasible to achieve a zero discharge of chemical pollutants from metal finishing operations. However, substantial reductions in the type and volume of hazardous chemicals wasted from most metal finishing operations are possible.8 Because end-of-pipe waste detoxification is costly for small- and medium-sized metal finishers, and the cost and liability of residuals disposal have increased for all metal finishers, management and production personnel may be more willing to consider production process modifications to reduce the amount of chemicals lost to waste. 

Responsible disposal of chemicals, samples and consumables is likewise an important aspect of good operating procedures in the laboratory. Regulations are fairly strict in terms of what may be disposed of into the drainage system. It may be permissible to dispose of some chemicals directly down the drain, flushed down with copious volumes of water. For other chemicals, specific disposal instructions, where available, must be followed. These will include collection of specific types of chemical waste in containers for disposal by incineration, landfill, etc. 

E-type chemicals or chemical wastes from nonspecific sources (Table 1.7)... 

P-type chemicals or chemical wastes that are hazardous and that are mostly specific chemical species such as fluorine... 

Because all of these various types of chemical exposures can, under the right conditions, be damaging to health, our legislators have over the past 50-60 years developed extensive sets of laws that impose requirements upon manufacturers, distributors, and commercial users of chemicals, and upon those who dispose of chemical wastes. Several of these laws also apply to other sources of chemical exposure, such as power plants and moving vehicles. The laws tend to divide up according to environmental media, source of chemical, or type of population exposed. Thus, in the United States, there are federal... 

Because cement kilns are so good at destroying organic chemical wastes, emissions of dioxins - or any other type of products of incomplete combustion (PIC) - are so low they pose no danger to the environment. In the case where some of the hazardous waste fuels used contain toxic dioxin, the cement kiln temperatures of 1650°F will destroy dioxins in less than one second. Because cement kilns operate at much higher temperatures (at least 2450°F), and because the burning wastes have an average residence time in the kiln of at least two seconds, any dioxins are destroyed. However, dioxin waste is never accepted by Southdown for use in its cement kilns. 

A similar plant, Clinton Laboratories (Clinton, IN), is mainly involved in producing a cephalosporin-type antibiotic. Major products include monensin sodium, keflex, and kefzol. The waste generated in this plant includes mycelia, general trash, concentrated chemical wastes, diluted chemical wastes, water process waste, sanitary sewage, and a clear water stream. 

The requirements for managing hazardous chemical waste are sufficiently different from those for radioactive waste that treatment and disposal of waste that contains both types of substances is greatly impeded. Large volumes of waste that contains hazardous chemicals and radionuclides (referred to as mixed waste ) are presently being stored because the inconsistency in regulations has resulted in inadequate treatment and disposal capacity. 

The existing waste classification systems for radioactive and hazardous chemical wastes clearly are not comprehensive. At a fundamental level, entirely separate and quite different classification systems have been developed for the two types of hazardous waste. In addition, each classification system is not comprehensive in the context of the general type of waste to which each system applies. In the existing radioactive waste classification system, waste that arises from operations of the nuclear fuel cycle is classified separately from NARM waste. The existing classification system for hazardous chemical waste excludes many potentially important wastes that contain hazardous chemicals. 

Based on these objectives, the fundamental principle embodied in the proposed classification system is that waste should be classified in relation to disposal systems (technologies) that are expected to be generally acceptable in protecting public health. The types of disposal systems assumed in classifying waste should represent current or planned practices for radioactive or hazardous chemical wastes. 

Despite the diverse chemical types represented by forest pesticides, the variety of their formulations, and the many rates and routes of application, two factors remain consistently present in their environment—sunlight and powerful reagents. Quite apparently, these forces are active and acting. The well-known "blue haze" observed over forests in many parts of the world remote from man s chemical wastes is a result of photooxidation reactions of volatile natural chemicals similar to those which generate manmade smog. 

Environmental pollution is the release of chemical waste that causes detrimental effects on the environment. Environmental pollution is often divided into pollution of water supplies, the atmosphere, and the soil. In his book Environmental Chemistry, Stanley Manahan lists several different types of... 

---