Vitamin commercial production

Table 2.5 Biocatalysis and white biotechnology processes used by DSM for the production of fine chemicals, anti-infectives and vitamins-commercial products rangingfrom lOOto lOOOOOtpa. Source adapted from Wubbolts [154],...

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

To obtain optimal performance of farm animals, foHc acid supplementation is required (86) and as is the case with most of the vitamins, the majority of worldwide consumption is as feed supplements. The foHc acid requirement for chickens and pigs is about 0.2—0.5 mg of foHc acid/kg diet and 0.3 mg/kg diet, respectively. Increased amounts, 0.5—1.0 mg/kg feed for chickens and 0.5—2.0 mg/kg for swiae, are recommended under commercial production conditions (87). The degree of intestinal foHc acid synthesis and the utilization by the animal dictates the foHc acid requirements for monogastric species. Also, the self-synthesis of folaciais dependent on dietary composition (88). 

Commercial Production. Vitamin B22, as cyanocobalamin, is produced by several companies. The market is dorninated, however, by two... 

Vegetable oils, typically soybean, are important feedstocks for the commercial production of the RRR forms of vitamin E. 

Microbial insecticides are very complex materials in their final formulation, because they are produced by fermentation of a variety of natural products. For growth, the bacteria must be provided with a source of carbon, nitrogen, and mineral salts. Sufficient nutrient is provided to take the strain of choice through its life cycle to complete sporulation with concomitant parasporal body formation. Certain crystalliferous bacilli require sources of preformed vitamins and/or amino acids for growth. Media for growing these bacilli may vary from completely soluble, defined formulations, usable for bench scale work, to rich media containing insoluble constituents for production situations (10,27). Complex natural materials such as cottonseed, soybean, and fish meal are commonly used. In fact, one such commercial production method (25) is based on use of a semisolid medium, a bran, which becomes part of the final product. 

The most important oxidation product of L-gulono-1,4-lactone (I) is, without a doubt, L-ascorbic acid (6 vitamin C), and the most important oxidation product of L-gulonic acid (3) is L-xyZo-2-hexulosonic acid (5), which serves as a key intermediate in the commercial production of L-ascorbic acid. The literature covering the methods by which 1 or 3 (or derivatives thereof) has been converted into 6 or 5, as well as other methods for the preparation of 6, has been reviewed,1 and will not be discussed here. 

Swiss Roll Cell This cell has been developed in Switzerland [89]. A commercial application is one oxidation step at a NiOOH anode in alkaline solution for the vitamin C production [22]. Mesh electrodes of stainless steel (cathode 1) and nickel (anode 3) are rolled up together with spacers of polypropylene mesh (2,4) on the central current feeder (5) and mounted in a cylinder (cells up to 1 m diameter, 200 m active area). The electrolyte streams axially through the cell. 

Another important example is the cross-aldol condensation of citral and acetone, which yields pseudoionone (Scheme 14), an intermediate in the commercial production of vitamin A. Numerous commercial routes to the preparation of pseu-doionones are based on the aldol condensation using conventional homogeneous catalysts, such as aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solutions, alcoholates in alcohol or benzene solvents (126-129). The yields of the cross-condensation product vary between 50% and 80%, depending on the type of catalyst and conditions such as catalyst concentration, ratio of reagents, and temperature. 

Vitamin B6 is described in detail under Vitamin Bj (Pvridoxine). This is 2-mcthyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-di(hydroxymcthyl)pyridinc or pyridoxol. World demand of this compound is estimated at about 5 million pounds (about 2,3 million kilograms) per year, Commercial production is by synthesis, starting, for example, with the base-catalyzed condensation of cyanoacetamide and ethoxyacetylacetone. The formula for pyridoxol is... 

Commercial production of vitamin E tocopherols is by way of molecular distillation from vegetable oils. 

Commercial production of vitamin K is by column chromatography of fish meal extracts. In biosynthesis, precursors include polyacetic acid (ring) acetate (side chain). Intermediates include dehydroquirric acid tring) farnesol (side chain). 

Dr. Tishler published more than 100 scientific papers and is cited as an inventor on more than 100 United States patents. A partial list of research contributions include development of processes for the commercial production of vitamin B6, vitamin K, vitamin E, penicillin, streptomycin, and cortisone. 

FIGURE 11.8 Plasma Vitamin E concentration after oral administration of a Vitamin E solid dispersion. Key ( ) PEG-32 glyceryl laureate (Gelucffe44/14) solid dispersion and commercial product. (Adapted from Barker, S.A., Yap, S.P., Yuen, K.H., McCoy, C.P., Murphy, J.R., and Craig, D.Q.M. (2DGQ>ntrol. Rel., 91 477-488.)... 

The most widely used chemical method is the antimony trichloride colorimetric method. The method is applicable to vitamins D2 and D3 for their analysis in pharmacopeial preparations. The reaction product of vitamin D3 with antimony trichloride is believed to be isovitamin D3 (46, See Scheme IV). Antimony trichloride reacts with vitamin A also. Vitamin A occurs along with D3 in many biological samples and is also an ingredient in many commercial products. Therefore, it is necessary to remove it and other interfering substances prior to reaction with... 

Spent liquors from streptomycin and other antibiotic fermentations contain appreciable amounts of vitamin B12. Bacterial strains producing high amounts have been specially selected for commercial production. Today vitamin B 2 is obtained from fermentations using selected strains of Propionibacterium or Pseudomonas cultures. A full chemical synthesis process for vitamin B 2 is known. However, it requires some 70 steps and for all practical purposes is of little value. 

A number of fungi have a failure of the normal regulation of riboflavin synthesis and are overproducers of the vitamin. Mutants of Ashbya gossypii may accumulate up to 150 /xmol of riboflavin per gram of protein, compared with a normal content of 0.25 /xmol per gram of protein. They can produce and excrete so much that riboflavin crystallizes in the culture medium. Such fungi are used for the commercial production of riboflavin by fermentation, as an alternative to chemical synthesis. 

Microencapsulation technology has been used from 1930s in packaging flavors and vitamins. Since the first commercial product was introduced for the carbonless copying paper, the technology has advanced to a new level. Various microencapsulation techniques are available nowadays, and the microencapsulated products are widely used in pharmaceutical, biomedical, agricultural, food, consumer products, and cosmetic industries. Representative applications of microparticles in the pharmaceutical and biomedical industries include ... 

Give reasons why a requirement for 1) yeast extract and 2) vitamins is undesirable for commercial production of exopolysaccharide. 

Xhe brilliant success of ascorbic acid research in the 1930s led to the commercial production of inexpensive ascorbic acid in large quantities. The wide distribution of ascorbic acid, and its incorporation into many food products, so completely solved the problem of scurvy in both general and special populations that pressure for a more complete scientific understanding of this vitamin was sharply reduced. As a result many questions concerning ascorbic acid s chemistry, biochemistry, physiological roles and kinetics, and its nutritional requirements were deferred for more pressing scientific problems. 

Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is produced in plants from ergosterol on UV irradiation. Vitamin D2 is the form most often used in commercial products and to fortify foods. Although different in structure, its biological activity is comparable to that of vitamin and mu.st be bioactivated in a similar fa.shion. 

Many more examples can be found in the recent literature [108]. Another esterase process is described in more detail here. It is the optical resolution of d,l-pantoyl lactone (d,l-PL) by a fungal lactonase. The D-isomer is a key component in the vitamin pantothenic acid and in coenzyme A. d,l-PL is easily produced by adding HCN to the aldol of formaldehyde and isobutanal with subsequent acidic lactonization. For commercial production of D-PL the racemate can be resolved by chiral amines. 

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