Vitamins production

More than one process is available for some of the vitamins. Further, manufacturers have developed variants of the classical syntheses during Optimization. Whereas some of this information is available, as described in the individual sections on vitamins, much is closely held as trade secrets. Judging from the more recent patent Hterature, the assessment can be made that vitamin production technologies are in general mature. However, the economic value of these products drives continuing research aimed at breakthrough processes. Annual production of vitamins varies gready, from ca 10 metric tons of vitamin B 2 to ca 50,000 metric tons of vitamin C. 

This synthesis was the first step toward industrial vitamin production, which began in 1936. The synthetic product was shown to have the same biological activity as the natural substance. It is reversibly oxidized in the body to dehydro-L-ascorbic acid (3) (L-// fi (9-2,3-hexodiulosonic acid y-lactone), a potent antiscorbutic agent with hiU vitamin activity. In 1937, Haworth and Szent-Gyn rgyi received the Nobel Prize for their work on vitamin C. 

Keller (1998) describes the semi-continuous reaction process of a vinyl ketone K with lithium acetylide LA to yield lithium ethinolate LE an intermediate in the vitamin production. In an undesired side reaction an oligomer byproduct BP is produced. During the process, reactant K is fed to the semi-batch reactor at a rate to maximize the selectivity for LE. 

Supplemental vitamins shall originate from geminated grains, fish liver oil, or brewing yeast. When natural vitamin sources cannot be provided, synthesized vitamin products can be used if they are approved by OFDC. 

Vitamins that are allowed for addition to animal feeds under the Canadian Feeds Regulations (Class 7. Vitamin products) are listed below. All have to be labelled with a guarantee of declared potency. 

Normal-phase HPLC on silica columns are also used extensively in D3 analysis of vitamin products with nonpolar mobile phase containing polar modifiers. Krol et al. (66) separated D3 from pre-D3 and from a mixture of other vitamins using an adsorptive silica support introduced in 1972 (Vydac , supplied at that time by Applied Science Laboratories, Inc. State College, Penn.). The hand-packed column was used in conjunction with a mobile phase of pen-tane tetrahydrofuran (97.5 2.5). Sterule (32) used aluminum oxide as column support with chloroform as the mobile phase. Separation of D3 and its isomers and from vitamin A acetate was achieved. 

Diluents, although commonly presumed inert, do have the ability to influence the stability or bioavailability of the dosage form. For example, dibasic calcium phosphate (both anhydrous and dihydrate forms) is the most common inorganic salt used as a filler-binder for direct compression. It is particularly useful in vitamin products as a source of both calcium and phosphorous. Milled material is typically used in wet-granulated or roller-compacted formulations. The coarse-grade material is typically used in direct compression formulations. It is insoluble in water, but its surface is alkaline and it is therefore incompatible with drugs sensitive to alkaline pFI. Additionally, it may interfere with the absorption of tetracyclines [7]. 

Efforts are under way to make the USP-NF more useful worldwide. Incorporation of monographs for multi-vitamin products, biotechnology-derived products, veterinary drugs, and botanicals and other dietary supplements help. The US AN and USP Dictionary of Drug Names has wide international applicability, thereby making it a repository of International Names Nomenclature (INN) and British Adopted Names (BAN), as well as U.S. Adopted Names (USAN). Pharmacopeial Forum now contains announcements of proposals from the Japanese Pharmacopeia and European Pharmacopeia for revision of standards for international harmonization. 

Labco and Vitamin Products Dept., Borden Co., New York, N. Y. 

Several reports have described the use of HPLC in the analyses of ascorbic acid in foods and vitamin products (71, 72,73,74) and in tissue samples (75). Procedures vary in the type of column, mobile-phase, detection systems and means of stabilization of extracts. Reversed-phased,... 

Have the ability to influence metabolic activities (e.g., [3-galactosidasc activity, vitamin production, and cholesterol assimilation)... 

Chemistry, Uptake, and Metabolic Role. This vitamin, which can be considered a derivative of j3-alanine, is asymmetric (Fig. 8.38). The natural form has the T>(+) configuration. TheL(-) stereoisomer is inactive. The reduced alcohol form, pantothenol, is considered as equally active as the parent acid. Many of the multiple vitamin products use a synthetic, racemic mixture. This means that double the amount of synthetic vitamin must be used to obtain equivalent active vitamin. 

Uptake. Uptake of the vitamin from food and vitamin products is complex. Indeed, most deficiencies are not from inadequate diet, but result from defects in the uptake process. Dietary cobalamin requires a... 

Intravenous vitamins and trace elements should be initiated on the first day of therapy and continued as a daily component of the PN solution. Children under age 11 should receive a vitamin product formulated for pediatric patients. Two multivitamin dosing schemas have been suggested for infants and children. One method recommends 2 mL/kg per day for infants weighing less than 2.5 kg and 5 mL... 

The sample preparation and FIPLC analysis are more elaborate for formulations with multiple APIs (e.g., over-the-counter (OTC) products) or with natural products. Examples of HPLC analysis of two OTC multi-vitamin products are shown in Figure 6.5, with a summary of method performance for both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins17 listed in Table 6.5. Other examples of HPLC analysis of extracts of natural products (white and red ginseng)18 are... 

Generally, overproduction of antibiotics, vitamins, or fine chemicals constitutes a metabolic and energetic burden for the cell, and hence is frequently coimter-selected in production processes if not maintained by strong selective pressure [112]. However, even in the presence of marker gene-based selection pressure, a complex phenotype such as vitamin production maybe coimter-selected during moderately extended cultivation [122]. 

Carlucci and Bowes [29] showed that vitamin production in phytoplankton algae was attributed to release during exponential growth and upon cell death and lysis in old cultures. Vitamin utilization was readily observed in cultures of two species S. costatum produced utilizable biotin for Amphidinium carterae. The amount of utilizable vitamin and the rate at which it was exuded depended on the algal species and conditions of culturing. Aaronson et al. [149] showed that when O. danicus (chrysophyceae) was grown on a defined medium the cells excreted a number of vitamins including riboflavin, vitamin E and nicotinic acid in addition to four amino acids. Swift [150] published an excellent review of phytoplankton production, excretion and utihzation of vitamins. 

Acute toxicity is unlikely after ingestion of vitamin products that do not contain iron (when iron is present, see p 230). Vitamins A and D may cause toxicity but usually only after chronic use. 

More information about vitamin production by LAB and their applications in foods is reported in the works of Hugenholtz et al. [7], LeBlanc et al. [167], Papagianni et /. [132], Patel eta/. [73], and Panagiota Florou-Paneri et /. [37]. 

M.J., Vaimini, V. et al. (2011) B-Group vitamin production by lactic acid bacteria-current knowledge and potential applications. /. Appl. Microbiol,... 

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