Inducing agents

Insomnia is a related psychiatric illness having potentially serious consequences. In any given year up to one-third of the general population may experience insomnia and consequently considerable impact on quaUty of life. Potentially serious psychosocial, health, and socioeconomic consequences may foUow. Many sedative—hypnotics additionally have a firmly estabUshed position within the field of anesthesiology as premedication, inducing agents, and/or for maintenance in intensive care medicine. 

Meparfyiiol, a mild hypnotic or sleep-inducing agent... 

Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is usually not constitutively expressed, but can be induced in macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cytokines and other-agents. Although primarily identified in macrophages, expression of the enzyme can be stimulated in virtually any cell or tissue, provided the appropriate inducing agents have been identified (for review see [1] and [3]). 

The induction of P450s belonging to family CYP2 by phenobarbital and other inducing agents is accompanied by proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum and... 

There are very few examples of asymmetric synthesis using optically pure ions as chiral-inducing agents for the control of the configuration at the metal center. Chiral anions for such an apphcation have recently been reviewed by Lacour [19]. For example, the chiral enantiomerically pure Trisphat anion was successfully used for the stereoselective synthesis of tris-diimine-Fe(ll) complex, made configurationally stable because of the presence of a tetradentate bis(l,10-phenanthroline) ligand (Fig. 9) [29]. Excellent diastereoselectivity (>20 1) was demonstrated as a consequence of the preferred homochiral association of the anion and the iron(ll) complex and evidence for a thermodynamic control of the selectivity was obtained. The two diastereoisomers can be efficiently separated by ion-pair chromatography on silica gel plates with excellent yields. 

Transfect cells, add Inducing agent, then L break cells... 

Intake of various xenobiotics such as phenobarbital, PCBs, or certain hydrocarbons can cause enzyme induction. It is thus important to know whether or not an individual has been exposed to these inducing agents in evaluating biochemical responses to xenobiotics. Metabolites of certain xenobiotics can inhibit or stimulate the activities of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. 

Various silver salts can be reduced to silver metal readily at temperatures well below 200 °C through different pathways [32]. We therefore used silver salt as nucleation inducing agent. Ag(acac) was used because of its good solubility in diphenyl ether. The morphology evolution of Pt multipods and nanoparticles was followed by TEM. 

The basic structure of carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide, a low-toxicity y-interferon inducing agent, consists of a 12-membered ring containing six Ge tetrahedra bridged by oxygen atoms. 

Vodicnik, M.J., C.R. Elcombe, and J.J. Lech. 1981. The effect of various types of inducing agents on hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activity in rainbow trout. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 59 364-374. 

Fluorine-containing compounds can also be synthesized via enantioselective Reformatsky reaction using bromo-difluoroacetate as the nucleophile and chiral amino alcohol as the chiral-inducing agent.86 As shown in Scheme 8-41, 1 equivalent of benzaldehyde is treated with 3 equivalents of 111 in the presence of 2 equivalents of 113, providing a,a-difluoro-/ -hydroxy ester 112 at 61% yield with 84% ee. Poor results are observed for aliphatic aldehyde substrates. For example, product 116 is obtained in only 46% ee. 

Inducing Agents. The final choice considered here is whether to use uninduced fiver preparations or those derived from animals pretreated with an enzyme inducer to promote high levels of metabolic activity. If induced preparations are preferred, which inducer should be used ... 

When metabolic activation is used, S9 mix should not exceed 1-10 percent of the culture medium by volume. It has been shown that the S9 mix is clastogenic in CHO cells and mouse lymphoma cells (Cifone et al., 1987 Kirkland et al., 1989) but not in human lymphocytes, where blood components can inactivate active oxygen species which could cause chromosome damage. When S9 mix from animals treated with other enzyme-inducing agents such as phenobarbitone/beta-naphtho-flavone, is used, clastogenesis may be minimized (Kirkland et al., 1989). 

Effects of interferon-inducing agents on hepatic cytochrome P-450 drug metabolizing systems. Armais of the New York Academy of Sciences, 350, 314—331. 

Berman EF, Schaus P, Fujimoto JM. 1986. Comparison of the inhibition of biliary excretion produced by certain inducing agents including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. J Toxicol Environ Health 17(4) 395-403. 

Murphy MJ, Piper LJ, McMartin DN, et al. 1980. The role of cytochrome P-450-inducing agents in potentiating the toxicity of fluroxene (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl vinyl ether). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 52(1) 69-81. 

Many studies have examined the effects of inducing agents... 

Studies utilizing barbituate-type inducing agents have generally indicated that fish may be refractive to cytochrome P-450 type of inducers (16,22,26). 

Figure 1. Effect of potential inducing agents on certain hepatic microsomal enzymes of the rainbow trout. Animals were infected intraperitoneally with either phenobarbital (65 mg/kg) 3-methylcholanthrene (20 mg/kg) 2,3-benzanthracene (10 mg/kg) or /3-naphthoflavone (100 mg/kg). The animals were sacrified and hepatic microsome prepared 48 hr after infection. Each bar is the mean SE (n = 3-5) ( ), induced activity (T) significantly different from control (C) activity...

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