Laboratory culture

Daphnia assay, the brine shrimps are exposed to different concentrations of toxicant, and the toxicity is expressed as the LCjo value. Extracts of cyanobacterial blooms and laboratory cultures, containing microcystins or anatoxin-a, have been found to be toxic towards brine shrimp," and fractionation of such extracts resulted in brine shrimp fatalities only with fractions containing microcystins." " ... 

The conditions for production of TTX and STX by bacteria are unknown. The low levels of TTX and STX observed in laboratory cultures may indicate that the host environment has not been duplicated. Likely, the composition of culture medium and other physicochemical parameters for TTX and STX production have not yet been defined in vitro. Conversely, bacteria may actually produce only small amounts of TTX and STX in vivo that accumulate in host tissues over long time intervals. 

The energy provision by carbohydrate metabolism has been extensively studied Ihm the beginning of this century, chiefly in an attempt to understand the basic biochemistry of alcohol production from carbohydrafe. However, many laboratory culture media contain only nitrogenous compounds and their metabolism is of importance as it clearly provides energy for growth and maintenance. 

The N -Ditroso derivatives of the dinitroaniline herbicides bu-tralinSa and pendimethalin were quite stable in aerobic soils, persisting over several months. An aerobic actinotnycete of the Streptonyces genus was isolated from soil that metabolized N -ni-trosopendimethalin in laboratory culture.e... 

Legend Pond A - normal diversity of phytoplankton Pond B - Microcystis sp. bloom Pond C - very little phytoplankton Pond D - dense growth E. mlcrocarpa 1 - laboratory cultures (++) major peak, (+) minor peak... 

Figure 2. Starved (A) and full-sized (B) Klebsiella pneumoniae in laboratory cultures viewed through an electron microscope. The sizes and shapes of the cells differ markedly. The bar represents 1 ym.

Cultures for amoebae have improved detection in some studies, but they are not widely used. Although Giardia spp. have been cultured in research laboratories, cultures are not useful for diagnosis. 

The occurrence of toxic compounds in plant tissues is not necessarily related to allelopathy. Allelopathy should be evidenced through experiments in which a toxic product is shown to be released from the putative aggressor, and arrives at the putative victim in functional concentrations under reasonably natural conditions (Inderjit and Callaway 2003). First of all, laboratory experiments dealing with allelopathy should demonstrate the release of a compound in the medium. Two methods to collect allelchemicals released by laboratory cultures of macrophyte or microalgae are described in Sections 5 and 6. 

Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia, wilh the greatest concentration of cases reported in Vietnam, Cambodia. Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), and northern Australia. Additionally, it is seen In the South Pacific, Africa, India, and the Middle East. In many of these countries, BurftbtfdenepseudorneAefisso prevalent that it is a common contaminate foond on laboratory cultures. Moreover, it has been a common pathogen isolated from troops of all nationalities that have served in areas with endemic disease A few isolated cases of melioidosis have occurred in Ihe Western Hemisphere in Mexico, Panama, Ecuador, Haiti, Brail, Peru, Guyana, and... 

Jin Q, Dong SL, Wang CY (2005) Allelopathic growth inhibition of Prorocentrum micans (Dinophyta) by Ulva pertusa and Ulva linza (Chlorophyta) in laboratory cultures. Eur J Phycol 40 31-37... 

The uptake and elimination half-lives of 176 and 169 min and 27 and 29 min were similar to each other and to half-lives obtained using mussels maintained in the laboratory. Half-lives in the longer term laboratory culture experiments (Table IV) were similar to each other. Similarly, the mantle cavity and body water constants gave no indication of stress (Table II). Mussels used in these experiments were selected by size (ca. 6 g viscera fresh weight) and variability could be reduced by adoption of more objective criteria. Instant Ocean culture does not directly effect antipyrine disposition and laboratory conditions are suitable for maintenance of animals for at least short times. 

Antipyrine Uptake and Elimination by Mussels Directly Removed or Laboratory Cultured. 

Sengco, M., Removal of red and brown tide cells using clay flocculation I. Laboratory culture experiments with Gymnodinium breve and Aureococcus anophagejferens. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 2003. 

Steam sterilization is limited in the types of medical waste it can treat, but is appropriate for laboratory cultures and/or substances contaminated with infectious organisms. The waste is subjected to steam in a sealed, pressurized chamber. The liquid that may form is drained off to the sewer or sent for processing. The unit is then reopened after a vapor release to the atmosphere, and the solid waste is removed for further processing or disposal. One advantage of steam... 

We do know, however, that some motile cells persist at temperatures as low as 0-2°C in laboratory cultures (26, 27), but the duration of this survival has not been determined. Winter temperatures in coastal waters can be highly variable, but they often drop to this same 0-2°C range (5, 28). Summer survival would not be a problem in most areas since tamarensis growth has been reported at temperatures as high as 24°C (25, 26), a temperature above the maximum for most coastal waters. There is thus the potential for small, motile cell populations to persist in certain temperature regions throughout the year. 

One line of evidence that supports the view that encystment is not primarilly a strategy to survive through short-term stress is that sexuality is not induced in laboratory cultures by a variety of adverse conditions but instead seems to occur under the relatively specific conditions of nutrient limitation (29, 30). 

From our laboratory cultures of ]P. brevis, we are able to purify to homogeneity and crystallinity two toxins, namely T17 and T34(, ). Both toxins have been subjected to a variety of in vivo and in vitro test systems in order to ascribe specific actions to each(10-13). 

Several potent fractions isolated from laboratory cultures of brevis have been prepared by a number of research groups, but due to a lack of standardized nomenclature, the number of toxins produced by the organism is uncertain. The structures for three "brevetoxins" have now been reported(15-17). BTX-B, the major toxin reported by Lin al.(15)(Figure 2a), is thought to be identical to GB-2 isolated earlier by Shimizu(16). Likewise, T34 isolated from our laboratory cultures of the organism( ), is also thought to be identical to GB-2. GB-3, isolated by Chou and Shimizu(17), was identified as Fig-... 

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