Influenza disease

Adapted from Ampicillin and chloramphenicol resistance in systemic Haemophilus influenzae disease MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1984 33 35. 

An extensive trial involving 2,55 men in the treated groups and 2,575 men in the control groups was made, but no influenza disease occurred in this population during this study. 

MacNeil JR, Cohn AC, Farley M, et al. Current epidemiology and trends in invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease-United States, 1989-2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 53(12) 1230-1236. 

If an outbreak of influenza A occurs in a patient population that includes those at risk for severe influenza disease, chemoprophylaxis with rimantadine or amantadine can be considered for the uninfected. Rimantadine has a better safety profile and is preferred. If either rimantadine or amantadine is used, it should be administered to susceptible patients (and staff) as early in the outbreak as possible. Use of rimantadine or amantadine for treatment in this setting may be problematic. Treatment of children with influenza A with rimantadine or amantadine frequently results in emergence of resistant virus during therapy. Transmission of resistant virus negates the benefit of chemoprophylaxis of susceptible contacts. A decision to use either rimantadine or amantadine for treatment of infected children should take into account the risk status of other exposed children and the likelihood that the infected child will receive benefit from therapy (e.g., benefit is diminished after 48 hours of symptoms). 

Influenza. The ACIP recommends annual influenza vaccination for all persons who are at risk from infections of the lower respiratory tract and for all older persons. Influen2a vimses types A and B are responsible for periodic outbreaks of febrile respiratory disease. 

Thiopheneglyoxal has been found to be only moderately active against Newcastle disease virus and influenza virus in embryonated eggs. ... 

Eye, nose, and throat irritation dizziness lethargy fever. May act as asthma trigger may transmit humidifier fever influenza, common cold, tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. 

Viruses are small infectious agents composed of a nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) encased by structural proteins and in some cases a lipid envelope. They are the causative agents of a number of human infectious diseases, the most important for public health today being acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, influenza, measles, and vituses causing diarrhoea (e.g., rotavirus). In addition, certain viruses contribute to the development of cancer. Antiviral drugs inhibit viral replication by specifically targeting viral enzymes or functions and are used to treat specific virus-associated diseases. 

A large and rapidly growing number of clinical trials (phase I and phase II) evaluating the potential of DNA vaccines to treat and prevent a variety of human diseases are currently being performed ( http // clinicaltrials.gov) however, there is yet no licensed DNA vaccine product available for use in humans. The clinical trials include the treatment of various types of cancers (e.g., melanoma, breast, renal, lymphoma, prostate, and pancreas) and also the prevention and therapy of infectious diseases (e.g., HIV/ABDS, malaria, Hepatitis B vims, Influenza vims, and Dengue vims). So far, no principally adverse effects have been reported from these trials. The main challenge for the development of DNA vaccines for use in humans is to improve the rather weak potency. DNA vaccines are already commercially available for veterinary medicine for prevention of West Nile Vims infections in horses and Infectious Hematopoetic Necrosis Vims in Salmon. 

Influenza is an acute viral disease caused by Influenza A (sporadic, epidemic, and pandemic) or B (sporadic outbreaks) virus. Symptoms typically occur suddenly and include high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, sore throat, and malaise. Serious complications can be caused by bacterial superinfection of the respiratory tract. 

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Adults at high risk for certain diseases (eg, pneumocoacal and influenza vaccines for individuals with serious respiratory disorders)... 

Influenza vaccine. Influenza vaccine is recommended annually for children age > 6 months with certain risk factors (including but not limited to asthma, cardiac disease, sickle cell disease, HIV, diabetes see MMWR. 2001 50(RR-4) 1-44), and can be administered to all others wishing to obtain immunity. Children aged <12 years should receive vaccine in a dosage appropriate for their age (0.25 mL if age 6-35 months or 0.5 mL if age >3 years). Children aged <8 years who are receiving influenza vaccine for the first time should receive two doses separated by at least 4 weeks. 

A number of diseases involving abnormalities in the synthesis and degradation of glycoproteins have been recognized. Glycoproteins are also involved in many other diseases, including influenza, AIDS, and rheumatoid arthritis. 

In pharmacology, two adamantane derivatives. Amantadine (1-adamanta-neamine hydrochloride) and Rimantadine (a-methyl-1-adamantane methyla-mine hydrochloride) (see Fig. 24), have been well known because of their antiviral activity [129]. The main application of these drugs is prophylaxis (treatment to prevent the onset of a particular disease) and treatment of influenza-A viral infections. They are also used in the treatment of parkinsonism and inhibition of hepatitis-C virus. Memantine (1-amino-3,5-dimethyladaman-tane) (see Fig. 24) has been reported effective in slowing the progression of Alzheimer s disease [130]. 

Haemophilus influenzae owes its specific name to the fact that it was thought to be the causal organism of influenza (now known to be a virus disease) as it was often isolated in cases ofinfluenza. It is the main cause ofinfantile meningitis and conjunctivitis and is one of the most important causes of chronic bronchitis. 

Human viruses will cause disease in other animals. Some are capable of infecting only a few closely related primate species, others will infect a wide range of mammals. Under the conditions of natural infection vimses generally exhibit a considerable degree of tissue specificity. The influenza vims, for example, replicates only in the cells lining the upper respiratory tract. 

Certain types of infechous agent (e.g. influenza virus) are able to combat herd immunity sueh as this through undergoing major antigenic changes. These render the majority of the population susceptible, and their occurrence is often aeeompanied by spread of the disease aeross the entire globe (pandemies). 

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