Rhino

A large number of a-hydroxybenzylbenzimidazole [50-97-5] (HBB, 39), C24H22N2O, derivatives has been prepared and extensively studied as selective inhibitors of the RNA containing enterovimses (91). Although none of these derivatives have shown any antiviral activity in animals, l,2-bis(5-methoxy-2-benzimidazol-2-yl)-l,2-ethanediol [16656-27-2] (40), C2gH2gN404, was found to be active against an experimentally induced rhino vims infection in chimpanzees (92). However, the in vivo antiviral efficacy was accompanied by significant toxicity. 

In rhino viruses there are depressions, or "canyons," which are 25 A deep and 12 to 30 A wide and which encircle the protrusions (Figure 16.15b). One wall of the canyons is lined by residues from the base of VPl. The structure of VPl is such that the barrel is open at the base and permits access to the hydrophobic interior of the barrel, as in the up-and-down barrel structure of the retinol-binding protein described in Chapter 5. 

Picornavimses are small, nonenveloped RNA vimses. Members of this family include rhino- and enteroviruses, which are responsible for a variety of human diseases (viral respiratory infection, viral meningitis, myocarditis, pericarditis, encephalitis, chronic meningoencephalitis, herpangina, otitis media, neonatal enteroviral disease, and acute exacerbations of asthma). 

Westhofen M.C. and Herberhold C. (1987). Trigeminal and olfactory synergism in the perception of smell. Acta Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Belg 41, 66-71. 

Staunton DE, Merluzzi VJ, Rothlein R, Barton R, Marlin SD, Springer TA. A cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 is the major surface receptor for rhino-viruses. Cell 1989 56 849-853. 

CP coat protein CtxB cholera toxin B subunit scFv single chain Fv antibody fragment TMOF trypsin modulating oostatic factor MAB monoclonal antibody GFP green fluorescent protein CPV Canine parvovirus BHV Bovine herpes virus FMDV Foot and mouth disease virus HCV Hepatitis C virus HRV Human rhino Virus MEV Mink enteritis virus MHV Murine hepatitis virus MV Measles virus RSV Respiratory syncytial virus... 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Rinderpest, infectious bovine rhino-tracheitis, bovine herpes mammillitis, malignant catarrhal fever, Peste des petits ruminants, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue, bovine viral diarrhea, and foot rot in cattle, vesicular exanthema of swine, swine vesicular disease, and foreign bodies or trauma. 

Braback, L., Hjem, A., and Rasmussen, F., Body mass index, asthma and allergic rhino-conjunctivitis in Swedish conscripts-a national cohort study over three decades, Respir. Med, 99, 1010, 2005. 

Fig. 9.13 An icosahedral host, (a) X-ray crystal struture of the rhino-virus, a spherical virus linked to the common cold, (b) a schematic representation of the rhinovirus displaying triangulation.

VM Okun, R Moser, B Ronacher, E Kenndler, D Blaas. VLDL receptor fragments of different lengths bind to human rhino virus HRV2 with different stoichiometry—an analysis of virus-receptor complexes by capillary electrophoresis. J Biol Chem 276 1057-1062, 2001. 

Lucas, Robert A. Hunting Rhinos. National Review, vol. 47, May 1, 1995, pp. 70ff. Suggests that public hysteria over armor-piercing cop-killer bullets such as the Black Rhino is misplaced. Tests reveal the bullets are not nearly as effective as advertised. The issue reveals sloppy thinking and garbled facts in Congress and the media. 

The VP1, VP2, and VP3 all contain a core eight-stranded antiparallel (3 barrel (Figure 2). These polypeptides have surfaces on both the exterior and interior of the virion particle, facing both solvent and viral RNA. The fourth polypeptide, VP4, is considerably smaller than the others and does not contain the eight-stranded barrel motif. The VP4 resides entirely on the interior surface of the virion, in close association with the viral RNA. The N-terminus of VP4 is known to be myristoylated in both rhino-andpolioviruses [18,19]. 

There has been considerable debate about how the HRVs accomplish the transfer of RNA from inside the virion into the cell cytosol. This step is crucial for productive uncoating. An important question concerns the requirement for acidification of the endosome for HRVs to release their RNA. Evidence that appeared to conflict was found in a number of studies using either entero- or rhinoviruses (35-39). This question was later addressed by experiments that specifically separated entero- and rhinovirus behavior [40]. These experiments showed that HRVs, unlike poliovirus, require a pH-lowering step for productive infection. This pH lowering is likely to occur in the endosomal compartment. It should be noted that HRV and enteroviruses have been classified historically based on their resistance to acid HRVs are acid-labile, while enteroviruses are stable in acid. Consequently, differences in behavior between the rhino- and enteroviruses in an acidic environment within the cell are not surprising. 

The differences between mice and men should be obvious to the casual reader. Enterovirus-induced paralytic illnesses are systemic infections, and the virus must at some point move through the body and be subject to circulating drug. Upper respiratory infections resulting from rhino-or enteroviruses tend to be localized to the pharynx, which would require that drug titers remain high in this region of the body. 

Arnold E, Rossmann MG. Analysis of the structure of the common cold virus, human rhino vims 14, refined at a resolution of 3.0 A. J Mol Biol 1990 211 763—801. 

Marabini, S., Ciabatti, P.G., Polli, G., Fusco, B.M., Geppetti, P. Beneficial effects of intranasal applications of capsaicin in patients with vasomotor rhinitis, Eur. Arch, of Oto-Rhino-Laryngol. 1991, 248, 191-194. 

Wines of tho Rhino, darker in oolor than the preceding. Bed Hermitage tbo most noted of these, of good body, and a fine flavor of the raspberry. 

Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium... 

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