Veterinary medicine, international

Uses Plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers in mfg. of plastics esp. celluloid in lacquers, varnishes, explosives, embalming fluids pyrotechnics moth repellent mfg. of cymene preservative in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics topical anti-infective and antipruritic veterinary medicine (internally as stimulant and carminative, externally as antiseptic) odorant flavor insect repellent chem. intermediate mfg. of incense mild analgesic and rubefacient in liniments counter-irritant in treatment of fibrositis and neuralgia mild expectorant mild local anesthetic... 

As vith human pharmaceuticals, all safety studies must be conducted in accordance vdth the principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Similar to the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), the Veterinary International Conference on Harmonisation (VICH) has developed agreed guidelines on the types of test and other considerations that need to be addressed during the development and evaluation of veterinary medicines. A list ofVICH guideline topics is provided in Table 7.1. 

Part II provides detailed information on the main quality and safety issues related to the production of organic livestock foods. This includes three chapters (Chapters 7 to 9) which review the effect of livestock husbandry on nutritional and sensory quality of livestock foods including milk and dairy products (Chapter 7), poultry (Chapter 8) and pork (Chapter 9). It also includes four chapters (Chapters 10 to 13) which review the strategies used to minimise microbiological risks and antibiotic and veterinary medicine use in livestock production systems including safety of ruminants (Chapter 10), mastitis treatment in organic dairy production systems (Chapter 11), internal parasites (Chapter 12) and pigs and poultry (Chapter 13). 

It would be wrong to give the impression that the PAT initiative is confined to the FDA. The FDA has increased its collaboration with international health and regulatory partners, including the International Conference on Harmonisation for the Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals (ICH) and the International Cooperation on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH). 

Following discussions at ITCVDR and Office International des Epizooties (OIE) conferences, the OIE set up an ad hoc group on the harmonization of veterinary medicinal products in 1994. 

Preparatory work carried out by this OIE ad hoc group led to establishment of an International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Medicinal Products (VICH). 

In 1996, the VICH program was officially launched among the European Union, Japan, and the United States (52). Among the objectives of the VICH is to provide a forum for a constructive dialogue between regulatory authorities and the veterinary medicinal products industry on the real and perceived differences in the technical requirements for product registration in die three jurisdictions, with tlie expectation that such a process may serve as a catalyst for a wider international harmonization. VICH should identify areas in which modifications... 

AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKERS (AASW). Founded in 1946. Scientists concerned with national and international relations of science and society and with organizational aspects of science. It is located ai the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19172. 

Rules governing medicinal products in the European Community. Volume VI. Establishment by the European Community of maximum residue limits (MRLs) for residues of veterinary medicinal products in foodstuffs of animal origin. Commission of the European Communities. Directorate-General for Internal Market and Industrial Affairs. October 1991. 

A review of the case-control studies conducted by the National Cancer Institute, principally on non-Hodgkin s lymphomas, has not established a causal association between atrazine use and the occurrence of this disease (De Roos et al., 2003). This conclusion has also been reached in numerous authoritative reviews (USEPA, 2003a, b International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 1999 United Kingdom (UK), 1996, 2000 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA, 2004). 

Foods and Veterinary Medicine The FDA s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) and Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) actively participate in the development of international standards by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex). Codex is an international organization formed in 1962 to facilitate world trade in foods and to promote consumer protection. It is a subsidiary of two United Nations components, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the WHO. Codex standards cover food commodity standards (similar to FDA standards of identity), food additives, food contaminants, and residues of veterinary drugs in food. FDA officials chair two Codex committees, the Food Hygiene Committee and the Residues of Veterinary Drugs in Foods Committee, and participate in many others. 

A range of other organizations support prudent use of pharmaceutical agents and facilitate the international harmonization of veterinary medicine within our global environment. Many of theses represent joint ventures with the WHO, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program (Codex). 

The Board is, by law, served by two advisory committees, one for human emd one for veterinary medicines. In addition, it is entitled to set up and dissolve subcommittees to serve its functions. Currently, the sub-committee structure is as shown in Figure la. The Executive Board is composed of the Heads of Department all other sub-committees are made up of external experts. The sub-committees look in detail at the assessment process, and particularly problem applications and recommendations for rejection. Figure lb shows the internal organisation of the Board and the main functions of its various departments. 

MEDLINE is a bibliographic database that contains more than 11 million references to journal articles from 4300 national and international biomedical journals, covering the period from 1966 to the present.Types of journals indexed in MEDLINE include pharmacy, allied health, nursing, medicine, veterinary medicine, dentistry, pre-clinical science, and life science journals. Each week, nearly 8000 reference citations, created by the NLM and its partners, are added to the MEDLINE database. 

Compared to its use in product manufacturing, the use of formaldehyde in the medical fields is relatively small. Consumption in this area averages approximately 1.5% of the total production volume (WHO 1989). Some of the earlier, minor, medicinal applications for formaldehyde included its use during vasectomies, as a foot antiperspirant or as a preservative in such products, as a treatment for athlete s foot, and as a sterilant for echinococcus cysts prior to their surgical removal (lARC 1982). In veterinary medicine, formaldehyde has been used therapeutically as an antiseptic and as a fumigant. It has also been used to treat tympany, diarrhea, mastitis, pneumonia, and internal bleeding in animals (Windholz et al. 1983). In animal nutrition, formaldehyde is used to protect dietary protein in ruminants. It is used as a food additive to improve the handling characteristics of animal fat and oilseed cattle food mixtures (WHO 1989). 

The International Organization for Standardizahon (ISO) has laid down principles for selecting common names for pesticides and other agrochemicals. These principles are comparable to the guiding principles for selechng INNs and have a similar purpose to provide short, distinctive, and easily pronounced names for substances whose full chemical names are too complex for convenient use. The names chosen should not be permitted to become privately owned hademarks. ISO names are also given for salts and complex esters, as well as mixtures of isomers. The work of the INN and ISO committees somehmes overlaps, especially in the held of veterinary medicine. The two committees collaborate to avoid different names used for the same compound. 

CAB International (agriculture, biotechnology, forestry, veterinary medicine)... 

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