Veterinarians

Pella r, Nia.cin Deficiency. It was 220 years after the first description of pellagra that nicotinic acid was discovered to be the cure for black tongue in dogs (14), a condition suggested by a veterinarian in North Carolina to be similar to human pellagra (15). 

Therapeutic foods have been developed to meet the needs of pets that have nephritic failure, allergies, thyroid problems, geriatric difficulties, and obesity. Most of these therapeutic diets are dispensed by veterinarians, though some are available in pet food outlets and human-food stores stocking pet foods. Treats are usually snacks that may be nutritionally complete or may provide a tasty morsel as a reward. The number of treat products has escalated rapidly. 

Feed mills include sales through feed stores and pet stores sales direct to some large retailers, veterinarians, larger kennels, and research faciUties and export. It is estimated to account for 40.3% of total dog food production plus 9.3% of caimed and dry cat food production. 

Table 15 gives a sampling of other pharmaceuticals derived from hydraziae. Cefazolin, a thiadiazole tetrazole derivative, is one of the most widely used antibacterial dmgs in U.S. hospitals (see Antibiotics, P-LACTAMs). Procarbazine, an antineoplastic, is a monomethyUiydrazine derivative (220). Fluconazole has shown some promise in the treatment of AIDS-related fungal infections. Carbidopa is employed in the treatment of Parkinson s disease. FurazoHdone is a veterinarian antibacterial. 

It must be remembered that all anesthetics and tranquilizers are used by the practitioner following a risk—benefit evaluation. General anesthesia, even being adininistered by an experienced practitioner, can result in death through cardiac or respiratory depression. The veterinarian is acutely aware of these risks and chooses the dmg and method of adininistration considering the patient s health status, the nature of and need for the procedure, and the likelihood of success. 

In 1971, levamisole, an anthelmintic compound widely used in catde and swine, was shown to improve the effects of an experimental Brucella abortus vaccine in mice. Since that time, the veterinarians and physicians have explored the effects of levamisole in such diverse areas as arthritis, lupus erythematosis, cancer therapy, respiratory diseases, Newcastle disease, foot-and-mouth disease, mastitis, and vaccine potentiation. Although the exact mechanism of action has as yet not been deterrnined there is substantial evidence that, under defined circumstances, levamisole can augment the animal s natural immune response (9). New immunostimulants include Staph Ijysate acemannon, NLAB-31. 

Under current regulations, chemicals allowed for use in various European countries (Table 3) are either fully Hcensed for aquacultural use (oxytetracycline, oxolinic acid) or can be prescribed by veterinarians if they are Hcensed for use on other food animals (14—16). In addition, previously unHcensed chemicals that are appHed to the water (topicals) may now be used under a grandfather clause if no one questions their safety. The question of whether a chemical is a medicine or a pesticide has also been addressed. Eor example, dichlorvos (Nuvan 500 EC) was initially designated as a pesticide in the United Kingdom, but was later categorized as a medicine. A similar product, trichlorfon (Masoten), was treated the same way in the United States. 

Vieh, n. cattle beast, brute. -arzt, m. veterinarian, -diinger, m. stable manure, -futter, n. fodder, forage, -salz, n. cattle salt, cattle lick, salt for animals, -wasch-mittel, n. dip (for animals). viel,a. much (pi.) many. —adu.much. viel-. much, many, multi-, poly-, -atomig, a. 

The first commercially successful pneumatic tire was developed in 1888 in Belfast by the Scottish veterinarian John Boyd Dunlop primarily to improve the riding comfort of bicycles. Dunlop also showed, albeit qualitatively, that his air-inflated pneumatic took less effort to rotate than did the solid rubber tires in use at that time. His qualitative tests were the first known rolling resistance experiments on pneumatic tires. Due to this significant reduction in rolling loss, many professional cyclists in Britain and Ireland adopted air-inflated tires for their bicycles by the early 1890s. Pneumatics for the nascent automobile industry soon followed. 

Pre-exposure immunization of people with greater than usual risk of exposure to rabies virus by reason of occupation (eg, veterinarians laboratory... 

The EU regulations permit veterinarians to treat animals with animal drugs that have not been authorised for that species or, alternatively to use human drugs, in situations where there is no authorised drug for treatment of the condition in the species. 

Phencyclidine (l-[l-phenylcyclohexyl] piperidine, PCP) was originally developed as an intravenous anesthetic in the 1950s. Used for this indication, it causes a trance-like state without loss of consciousness and was hence classified as a dissociative anesthetic. However, it was soon withdrawn from human use because it produced unpleasant hallucinations, agitation, and delirium. The product was later used in veterinary medicine. Ketamine, a chemically closely related substance, was developed to replace PCP and is stiU in use as a dissociative anesthetic in children. Ketamine is less potent than PCP, and its effects are of shorter duration. However, it may also cause hallucinations (see the section on ketamine in Chapter 7, Club Drugs ). Much of the ketamine sold on the street (special K, cat Valium) has been diverted from veterinarians offices. 

Fraser CM, Mays A, ed. 1986. The Merck veterinary manual A handbook of diagnosis, therapy, and disease prevention and control for the veterinarian. 6th ed. Rahway, NJ Merck Co., Inc., 1355-1359. 

Even a small room will benefit from acoustical ceiling treatment. A veterinarian s examining room was only about 7x7 feet, but with its hard walls and ceiling and no upholstered furniture to break up the sound weaves, conversation w as uncomfortable. Proper ceiling treatment would have made a great deal of difference. 

The diaminobenzenes are made from benzene by a combination chlorination-nitration route although para-phenylene diamine is also made directly from aniline. orr/to-Phenylene diamine is widely used for the preparation of biologically active compounds such as fungicides and veterinarian medicines. The mera-diamine is used in fire-retardant textile fibers ( Nomex ) while the / ara-diamine finds use in high-strength textile fibers used for bullet-proof vests, sails, army helmets, and other types of fiber-reinforced plastics ( Kevlar ). 

Committee for Analytical Methods for Residue of Pesticides and Veterinarian Products in Foodstuffs by Headspace Method, of MAFF, Report by the Panel of the Determination of Dithiocar-bamate Residues, Ana/yit, 106,781 (1981). 

In summary, as the human-animal companies bond continues to grow and gain importance, veterinarians are expected to practice a higher quality of medicine. The pharmacist is in a position to assist the veterinarian in obtaining this goal. Familiarity with veterinary medicine, dosage forms, and animal drugs is useful to the pharmacist who acts as an advisor, reference source, and compounder to the veterinarian, the public, and members of the health care team. 

Pharmacists are also responsible for compounding special ear preparations for pets that are not commercially available. Sometimes the availability and cost of certain medications are prohibitive for a veterinarian s private pharmacy. 

With all forms of drugs there are side effects and precautions. The pharmacist and veterinarian are responsible for passing any such information on to clients. 

The prompt identification of bacteria that are animal pathogens is important to veterinarians maintaining the health of pets, livestock, and poultry.14 It is also important to physicians if the animal pathogens are transmissible to humans. In animal husbandry, information on the species found in specialized microbial habitats, such as the bovine rumen, can even be used to improve the efficiency of feed conversion.15... 

A Brief History of the Origins of Sutures. The Veterinarian s Sutures Guide, Dr. R.A. Henderson, http //www.vetmed.auburn.edu/ hendera/guide/guide2.htm... 

Rhoads, M.L. (1984) Secretory cholinesterases of nematodes possible functions in the host-parasite relationship. Tropical Veterinarian 2, 3-10. 

However, in case of acute clinical mastitis, it is widely accepted that animal welfare considerations should take prevalence. If both farmer and veterinarian are not familiar with non-antibiotic treatments, they should be advised to use broad-spectrum antibiotics immediately, because any delay (e.g. the 2-3 days it often takes between diagnosis and the return of microbiological test results) may seriously harm the animal. This approach should, however, only be taken after a sound clinical diagnosis, since antibiotic treatments themselves may lead to dramatic aggravation of the condition. For example, E. coli inflammations are able to develop into severe toxaemia, because increased levels of toxins are released into the animal tissues when E. coli cells are killed or stressed by antibiotic treatments. Also, if yeasts are the main cause or form part of the pathogen complex that causes mastitis, their growth and proliferation may be supported by the administration of anti-bacterial antibiotics (Crawshaw et al., 2005). 

Important preconditions for the successful development and implementation of farm-specific mastitis management plans are that (i) the farmer realises that there is a problem and is committed to reducing both mastitis prevalence and antibiotic use and (ii) that the farm s veterinarian is involved and committed to the improvement plan. Once these preconditions are met, development and implementation of plans then involves four stages. 

A feature of biosensors that should be more fully appreciated by the counterterrorism community is their potential for dual use. Not only will commercial production be more sustainable if there is also a civilian application that produces a steady market demand, but users will have more confidence in a system that becomes thoroughly validated in a more predictable application. If the civilian application is one that also employs potential first responders, such as emergency room staff, veterinarians, or water treatment technicians, such individuals will more fully appreciate the value and limits of the technology. 

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