Animals humans

J. Black showed that CO2 was produced by fermentation of vegetables, by burning charcoal and by animals (humans) when breathing turns lime water turbid,... 

As shown in the Panel on the next page, phosphorus is probably unique among the elements in being isolated first from animal (human) excreta, then from plants, and only a century later being recognized in a mineral. 

Animals (humans) Vitamins i.e. many coenzymes in food... 

The photochemiluminiscence (PCL) assay was initially used by Popov and others (1987). Popov and Lewin (1994 1996) have extensively studied this technique to determine water-soluble and lipid-soluble antioxidants. The PCL assay measures the antioxidant capacity, toward the 02 radical, in lipidic and water phase. This method allows the quantification of both the antioxidant capacity of hydrophilic and/or lipophilic substances, either as pure compounds or complex matrices from different origin synthetic, vegetable, animal, human, etc. The PCL method is based on an approximately 1,000-fold acceleration of the oxidative reactions in vitro by the presence of an appropriate photosensitizer. The PCL is a very quick and sensitive method. Chua and others (2008) used this assay to determine the antioxidant potential of Cin-namomum osmophloeum, whereas Kaneh and Wang and others (2006) determined the antioxidant capacity of marigold flowers. The antioxidant activity of tree nut oil extracts was also assessed by this method (Miraliakbari and Shahidi 2008). 

In which the terms Ha refers to the number of free electron pairs, MW is the molecular weight, and clogP is the computed lipophilicity. While this method could be stated to be "partially in silico" because it utilizes some chemical descriptors, the need for in vivo animal data and their dominance in the individual terms really makes this approach more of an animal-human correlation than an in silico method. Finally, in the same report, the authors describe a regression based solely in animal data. Overall, the performance of these... 

Addiction is a prominent problem with cocaine use. Cocaine is highly reinforcing to both animals and humans, probably through inhibition of dopamine reuptake in mesolimbic systems and stimulation of brain areas known to subserve behavioral reinforcement (Kiyatkin and Stein 1995 Woolverton and Johnson 1992 Ritz et al. 1987). Although sensitization to the stimulant effects occurs in animals, humans do not sensitize to the euphoric effects of cocaine but develop a tolerance (O Brien 1996). In animals and humans alike, self-administration often follows a binge pattern, consisting of repeated use over a period of hours or days until the supply is used up. 

If the NOAEL is derived from an animal study, a UE of 10 is used typically to extrapolate to the average human. This UE has some limited empirical basis. The available data suggest that most animal-human differences in response are less than a factor of 10, but the evidence supporting this conclusion is not strong. 

DAB was genotoxic in the comet assay inducing DNA damage in the stomach, colon liver, bladder, lung, and bone marrow. It is also mutagenic to Salmonella in the Ames test. Because of its demonstrated carcinogenicity in animals, human exposure to DAB by any route should be avoided. In recent years, this compound has been used only in laboratories as a model of tumorigenic activity in animals. It is not produced commercially in the United States and is of little occupational health importance. 

Because of high acute toxicity and demonstrated skin tumor production in animals, human contact by all routes should be avoided. ... 

Polyclonal antibodies Passive immunization Serum of immunized animals/ humans... 

Peripheral neuropathy (degeneration of peripheral sensory and/or motor neurons) represents another target for neurotrophic intervention. It often occurs as a complication of diabetes or in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. In severe cases, amputation of limbs affected by neuronal loss is warranted. Pre-clinical studies have clearly shown that sensory and sympathetic neurons depleted in peripheral neuropathy respond to NGF. Indeed, NGF, along with IGF-1, can prevent the occurrence of drug-induced peripheral neuropathy in animals. Human clinical trials continue. 

Structure Name Animals Human Class Class" Nielsen - CARB / OI IIH V (BaP = 1.00) -... 

Structure Name Animals Humans Class " Class factor 7 (BaP = 1.0s)... 

Used to derive an Intermediate Inhalation minimal risk level (MRL) ol 0.00003 ppm (3x10 ) using the regional gas dose ratio (ventilation to respiratory surface areas, animal human) divided by an uncertainty factor of 30 (3 for extrapolation from animals to humans, and 10 for human variability), c, ... 

Several lipids A have been tested in cancer patients MPLA, SDZ MRL 953, and ONO-4007 were injected i.v. in phase I trials. The maximal tolerated dose found is lower than or close to the optimal dose defined in animals. Humans are more sensitive to lipid A than rodents so it is possible that similarly to the toxic dose, the effective dose is lower in humans than in animals. 

Bioavailability can be defined as the extent to which a chemically present nutrient can be utilized by animals (humans)... 

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