Veterinarians, controlled

Fraser CM, Mays A, ed. 1986. The Merck veterinary manual A handbook of diagnosis, therapy, and disease prevention and control for the veterinarian. 6th ed. Rahway, NJ Merck Co., Inc., 1355-1359. 

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used in veterinary practice and are, therefore, of growing interest to the residue control of animal-derived food. Veterinarians are seeing an increased use of anti-inflammatory agents, administered with or without antibiotics, for treatment of mastitis because of the increase in efficiency of these agents over antibiotics alone. 

For therapeutic purposes and under the control of a responsible veterinarian, the administration to farm animals of 17/3-estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone and derivatives that readily yield the parent compound on hydrolysis after absorption at the site of application may be authorized by the individual EU member states. Also, for therapeutic purposes, the administration of authorized veterinary medicinal products containing (i) allyl trenbolone, administered orally, or beta-agonists to equidae and pets, provided they are used in accordance with the manufacturer s instructions, (ii) beta-agonists, in the form of an injection to induce tocolysis in cows when calving may be authorized. Again, these veterinary medicinal products must be administered by a veterinarian under his direct responsibility. 

Good animal care is critical at all times because toxicity has been shown to vary with diet, disease, and environmental factors. Animals should be quarantined for some time before being admitted to the test area, their diet should be optimum for the test species, and the facility should be kept clean at all times. Regular inspection by a veterinarian is essential, and any animals showing unusual symptoms not related to the treatment (e.g., in controls or in low dose but not high dose animals) should be removed from the test and autopsied. 

There is no risk of poisoning for animals ingesting taste amounts, but if the amount ingested is unknown, or eannot be estimated, then a loeal Poison Control Center or veterinarian should be eontaeted for instructions on how to induce emesis and obtain a 24 to 48 h blood test (PT) to determine the need for treatment with vitamin Ki (Monday and Thompson, 2003 Murphy and Gerken, 1989 Woody et al, 2003). 

With any suspicious outbreaks, the local health department, poison center, law enforcement agency, and US Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) should be contacted immediately. Due to the absence of a nationwide surveillance system for animal diseases, the responsibility for detecting possible outbreaks of unusual symptoms in animals will fall over several different groups of people. Farmers, agriculture officials, veterinarians, animal control officers, wildlife rehabilitators, (animal) poison control centers and the lay public (animal owners) may all be involved in detecting outbreaks. 

Pet owners use avermectins to control heartworms and other internal parasites in dogs. Avermectins are toxic to collies consult your veterinarian before treating your dog with avermectins. 

In March 1997, there were reported misuses of methyl parathion leading to prosecution. Over 15 000 homes and businesses in Mississippi and Ohio were sprayed with methyl parathion by unlicensed operators. Methyl parathion is prohibited for use indoors. Authorities had to relocate over 1100 people to temporary accommodations with clean-up costs approaching 50 million dollars. With these reported misuses, local veterinarians reported deaths of household pets due to methyl parathion exposure. In July 1997, there was also an illegal application of methyl parathion by an illegal applicator to control cockroaches in the Chicago area. 

Naled is a fast acting, nonsystemic contact and stomach organophosphorus insecticide used to control aphids, mites, mosquitoes, and flies on crops and in greenhouses, mushroom houses, animal and poultry houses, kennels, food processing plants, and aquaria. Naled is also used in outdoor mosquito control. Liquid formulations can be applied to greenhouse heating pipes to kill insects by vapor action. It has been used by veterinarians to kill parasitic worms (other than tapeworms) in dogs. Naled is available in dust, emulsion concentrate, liquid, and ultra-low volume (ULV) formulations. 

Products based on synergized pyrethrins offer the physician, fanner, pet owner and veterinarian safe and effective control of insect pests without the inclusion of toxic additives, and without restrictions on repeat treatments. Since PBO is not a cholinesterase inhibitor, it may be used in conjunction with flea or tick dips, collars and oral medications. 

Individuals with ongoing risk of exposure—either continuous risk (e.g., research laboratory staff or those involved in rabies biologies production) or individuals with frequent exposures (e.g., those involved with rabies diagnosis, spelunkers, veterinarians, animal control workers, and wildlife workers in rabies-enzootic areas) should undergo serologic testing every 6 months and 2 years, respectively, to monitor rabies antibody concentrations. An IM or intradermal booster dose is recommended if the complete vims nentralization is below 1 5 semm dilution by the rapid flnorescent foens inhibition test. 

The food safety policy of the Republic of Bulgaria is based on the functioning in the legal regnlation. The basic law inclndes Low for the foods. National health Law, Veterinarian and medical activity Law, Plant safety law Feed safety law. These laws state the legal food requirements, the producer, manufacturer s and merchant s obligations and the sequences of the complete food chain control actions (Valkov 2003). 

There are some other toxicologic manifestations of organophosphates that deserve mention. For example, accumulation of low levels of chemicals that irreversibly bind to cholinesterase may result in no signs of overt toxicity until the critical threshold is passed, whereby there is insufficient cholinesterase present to control synaptic function. This effect will not occur after ingestion of trace amounts in food. As discussed in this book, the scenario applies to the simultaneous home use of flea bombs, animal dips, carpet sprays, and no-pest strips in the same room. The signs are acute intoxication. This is a common presentation to veterinarians for dogs living in households of overzealous pet owners. 

Experimental use of animals is controlled under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP), and study protocols are submitted to the Animal Research Ethics Committee for approval. Studies using animals can only proceed with the approval of the Ethics Committee, which consists of technical personnel, including a veterinarian, as well as lay people who evaluate the study from different perspectives. 

About 8o percent of all y-i,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohex-ane produced worldwide is used in agriculture, especially for treating soil and seeds. The wood and timber industries also use the product to protect trees from insects that attack them. In some places, y-i,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane is used as a spray to control the spread of mosquitoes. Veterinarians sometimes use the compound to treat or prevent fleas and other external parasites on animals. Gamma-1, 2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane is also a major ingredient of products used to treat head lice, scabies, and similar pests that infest body hair. 

In the United States, Q fever outbreaks have resulted mainly from occupational exposure involving veterinarians, meat processing plant workers, sheep and dairy workers, livestock farmers, and researchers at facilities housing sheep. Prevention and control efforts should be directed primarily toward these groups and environments. 

Prescriptions may be issued by physicians, dentists, podiatrists, veterinarians, midlevel practitioners, and any other registered practitioner who is authorized to prescribe controlled substances by the jurisdiction in which the practitioner practices. The practitioner must be licensed with the DEA or must be recognized by the DEA as an exempt practitioner (i.e.. Public Health Service, Bureau of Prisons). 

Copper is widely used in veterinary medical products. Copper sulfate is used by veterinarians to treat cattle and sheep for helminthiasis and infectious pododermatitis. Cuprol (a 1% solution of cupric oleinate) is used to control lice. Copper is routinely used as a growth supplement in the diets of swine Sus sp.) in the United Kingdom and elsewhere diets may contain as much as 250.0 mg Cu/kg ration. The intensity of pig fanning within about 10 km from the coast may influence copper content in estuarine sediments. For example, intensive pig farming in coastal Brittany, France, increased soil copper concentrations by 0.6kg/ha aimually and increased coastal sediment copper concentrations to as high as 49.6 mg/kg DW. 

The same phenothiazines or closely related compounds which are used as psychotropic drugs or as sedatives in humans are used by veterinarians and farmers as insecticides and anthelmintics for animals and birds. Table 8 lists the commercial phenothiazine insecticides and wormers used by veterinarians. Many individuals in these professions have acquired allergic contact dermatitis, photoallergic reactions, or both by spraing such phenothiazines for insect control or feeding these compounds as wormers. Such individuals must avoid using phenothiazine antihistamines because of the likelihood of producing flares of the phenothiazine dermatitis. 

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