Parasite relationships, host

The relationship between cleptoparasitic bees and their hosts is poorly understood. There are approximately 5000 species of cleptoparasitic bees, yet host bees are known for less than 5% of them. In most cases it is not known whether a species utilizes one host or several. 

TengO and BergstrOm (1977) state that Nomada males and females produce relatively large amounts of cephalic secretions (1 mg per individual) yet chemically are quite different. We (RMD and JWW), however, find that for several Nomada species the male and female mandibular gland secretions are both dominated by a compound with a molecular weight of 170 which is not a famesyl or geremyl ester. This compound is not present in the Dufour s gland of the Andrena hosts. 

The orientation mechanism of cleptoparasitic bees to the host nests also remains enigmatic. Cleptoparasitic bees typically investigate host burrows with their antennae before entering, suggesting that chemical cues may be important. This topic remains a prime area for research. A major stumbling block is not obtaining chemicals but rather the design of a quantitative behavioral 

It also must be noted that chemical analyses should use rigorous criteria for identifying unknown natural products. It is not sufficient to identify a component on the basis of its mass spectrum alone, even with the extensive mass spectra files now available gas-chromatographic retention times and comparisons of mass spectra with standards are also necessary. When optical isomers are possible (e.g., linalool in Collates), no attempt has been made to see which enantiomer is active. 

Another chemical gap in this research area is that of the supply of compounds for behavioral testing. Not all compounds are commercially available, so chemists usually synthesize milligram quantities for their identifications. 

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Bird, A.F. (1986) The influence of the actinomycete, Pasteuria penetrans, on the host-parasite relationship of the plant parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Parasitology 93, 571-580. 

Bird, A.F. and Loveys, B.R. (1980) The involvement of cytokinins in a host-parasite relationship between the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and a nematode (Meloidogyne javanica). Parasitology 80, 497-505. 

Chappell, L.H. and Washing, J.L. (1992) Cyclosporin A antiparasitic drug, modulator of the host-parasite relationship and immunosuppressant. Parasitology 105, S25-S40. 

Rhoads, M.L. (1984) Secretory cholinesterases of nematodes possible functions in the host-parasite relationship. Tropical Veterinarian 2, 3-10. 

Barrett, J. (1976) Intermediary metabolism in Ascaris eggs. In Van den Bossche, H. (ed.) Biochemistry of Parasites and Host-Parasite Relationships. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 117-123. 

LBPs are likely to have conventional roles in the energy metabolism and transport of lipids in nematodes for membrane construction, etc. Many parasitic helminths have deficiencies in the synthesis of some lipids and so their lipid acquisition, transport and storage mechanisms clearly need to be specialized and therefore pertinent to the host-parasite relationship (Barrett, 1981). From a practical point of view, lipid transporter proteins may also be important in the delivery of anthelmintic drugs to their target most anthelmintics are hydrophobic and if they do not distribute to their site of action within the parasites by simple diffusion across and along membranes, then the parasite s own carrier proteins may be involved. 

In the general spectrum of host-parasite relationships, there is considerable parasite-induced host variability resulting in perturbed host physiology, biochemistry, and developmental behavior (8, 21, 22). There is a wide range of speculation that the parasite has the capacity to modulate or regulate host systems (8, 10, 23). It is clear that the C. sonorensis polydnavirus induces developmental arrest in H. virescens larva (18, 24,... 

The complex life cycle and host-parasite relationship means that treatment is sometimes difficult and... 

Lill R, Miihlenhoff U (2006) Iron-sulfur protein biogenesis in eukaryotes components and mechanisms. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 22 457-486 Lindmark DG (1976) Acetate production by Tritrichomonas foetus. In Van den Bossche H (ed) Biochemistry of parasites and host-parasite relationships. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 15-21... 

Salzet, M., Capron, A. and Stefano, G.B. (2000) Molecular crosstalk in host-parasite relationship schistosome- and leech-host interactions. Parasitology Today 16, 536-540. 

Siles-Lucas, M. and Hemphill, A. (2002) Cestode parasites application of in vivo and in vitro models for studies on the host-parasite relationship. Advances in Parasitology 51, 133-230. 

EGFR signalling roles in the host-parasite relationship... 

Sadun, E.H. and Lin, S.S. (1959) Studies on the host-parasite relationships to Schistosoma japonicum. IV. Resistance acquired by infection, by vaccination and by the injection of immune serum, in monkeys, rabbits and mice. Journal of Parasitology 45, 543-548. 

Helminth-based proteomics has also revealed new aspects of the host-parasite relationship, with experimental studies completed and published in parasitic nematodes such as Haemonchus contortus (Yatsuda et al.,... 

Because it is an infection with a very long natural history, the host-parasite relationships have become extremely complex, involving far-reaching changes on both sides, interfering with the development of the infection. Thus, the process of natural selection that acts continuously on the protozoa leads to a parasite diversity that influences the severity of the disease. 

A. Verheyen, M. Borgers, D. Vanparijs and D. Thienpont, in Biochemistry of Parasites and Host-parasite Relationships, ed. H. Vanden Bossche (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1976) pp. 605-618. 

Although there are few data available on the establishment or growth rate of plerocercoids in intermediate hosts, the morphology, ultrastructure, cytology and host-parasite relationships of the commonly available species have been studied extensively. The biochemistry is discussed in Chapter 4. 

Bryant, C. Behm, C. A. (1976). Regulation of respiratory metabolism in Moniezia expansa under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In Biochemistry of parasites and host-parasite relationships, ed. H. Van den Bossche, pp. 89-94. North-Holland Publishing Co. Amsterdam. 

Flisser, A., Espinoza, B., Tovar, A., Plancarte, A. Correa, D. (1986). Host-parasite relationship in cysticercosis immunologic study in... 

Host-parasite relationships as illustrated by the cestode Spirometra mansonoides. In Host-parasite relationships, ed. J. E. McCauley, pp. 11-58. Oregon State University Press Oregon. 

Nascimento, E. (1982). [Taenia taeniaeformis aspects of the host-parasite relationship.] In Portuguese. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, IT. 319-23. [HA/53/4144]... 

Read, C. P. (1955). Intestinal physiology and the host-parasite relationship. In Some physiological aspects and consequences of parasitism, ed. W. H. Cole, pp. 27-49. Rutgers University Press New Jersey. 

Influence on Host—Parasite Relationships. Cobb and Stark (11) have directed considerable attention to the increased incidence of attack of oxidant-injured ponderosa pines by bark beetles in the San Bernardino mountains. They suggest that ponderosa pine will nearly be eliminated from the mixed conifer forest if such attacks continue. Increased activity of other insect pests of ponderosa pine or associated conifers has not been observed. 

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