Stable manure

Stall, m. stable, stall, sty, shed, -dunger, -mist, m. stable manure. 

Vieh, n. cattle beast, brute. -arzt, m. veterinarian, -diinger, m. stable manure, -futter, n. fodder, forage, -salz, n. cattle salt, cattle lick, salt for animals, -wasch-mittel, n. dip (for animals). viel,a. much (pi.) many. —adu.much. viel-. much, many, multi-, poly-, -atomig, a. 

CH4 is responsible for the greenhouse effect in about 2.5% of the cases (Schonwiese 1995). CH4 emissions from agriculture derive primarily from ruminant livestock. Up to 80% of CH4 emissions come from digestive metabolism, whereas 20% develop from excretion. In the latter context, liquid manure systems bear a higher potential of CH4 release than stable manure systems. 

Lymn and Langwell isolated an orgapiem from stable manure which would attack almost every form of cellulose under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions. ... 

The one major exception to the above statements is in the highly specialized art of mushroom growing, where either stable manure or compost is essential. The method of preparing these composts, given by Sinden (1938) and Lambert (1941), is somewhat different than for composts used for other purposes but need not be given here. The total amount of compost used for this purpose is comparatively small. 

Experiments conducted on a Collington sandy loam by Martin (1941) showed that eroded material contained 3—8 times as much organic matter and nitrogen as the undisturbed soil. During a period of 2.5 years the pounds of organic matter lost per acre were 1,185 for a fertilized plot, 730 from fertilizer plus rye coVer crop, 950 from fertilizer plus 20 tons of stable manure, and 415 from fertilizer plus rye cover crop and 20 tons of manure. 

Non-woody lowmoor types of peat are usually only moderately acid, have good textural characteristics when shredded, retain large amounts of moisture, and are better supplied with nitrogen and other plant nutrients than are the moss peats. These peats serve as fairly satisfactory substitutes for stable manure and well-rotted compost, although the available nutrients released during the first six months from the two types of materials are very different. 

By far the highest recorded applications of manure in history were the foundation of the nineteenth-century practice in Paris of producing salad and vegetable crops in marais, suburban plots (about one-quarter of them covered by glass) receiving annually about 1 million tonnes of stable manure from the horses powering the city s transportation. Peak applications in greenhouses reached 1,060 t/ha, and the mean for all marais was about 675 t/ha. 

An important topic of this workshop is Odour measurement . The two cases I described in which ammonia was just an aid in odour measurement are an illustration of the fact that usually ammonia is considered as just one of the volatile compounds in the air from stables, but not as a severe problem. Recent publications have shown that ammonia emissions from stables and from manure are a problem as serious as the odour emissions. 

Ammonia is evaporated from animal manure in the stable, in the storage and during and after landspreading. The amount of ammonia lost from the manure depends on many factors as ... 

However little is known about the relevant conditions in the stable or the storage pit and in the field. To give good advise to the farmer about his means to reduce ammonia emission this knowledge is necessary. For instance what is the effect of covering the manure pit and what are the losses after landspreading on a frozen field. 

Strawy animal manures (see also pp.52-53) Medium to high fertility. Must be well-rotted before being dug into the soil. Source from nonintensive farms and stables. You are unlikely to be able to get manure from an organic farm. 

Most organic farmers recycle their manures on the farm. Any other manure is likely to be polluted with residues of veterinary products used to treat the animals. If manure from an organic farm is not available, try to source it from pasture-raised herds or less intensive livestock units. You may find local stables that are eager to give away their manure, but do ask when their horses were last wormed. 

Significant variations in NH3 emissions are found in different types of animals and housings [42], These variations are related to amount of TAN in the manure, stable temperature, ventilation rate and local ambient wind speeds. Highly complex... 

Applying the parameterisation in Eq. (1) together with the simplified functions shown in Fig. 1, the temporal variation in NH3 emissions may be simulated with good results. Figure 2 shows as an example of calculated temporal variation in NH3 emission from a pig stable, cattle bam and manure storage. It is easily seen that the variation reflects the differences described in the previous section. 

Fig. 2 Simulations of ammonia emission for open and isolated stables and manure storage using hourly meteorological input of temperature and wind speed. All time series were created by using meteorological data for the year 2007 and the emission model available at http //www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/5221/2011/acp-l 1-5221-201 l.html [48]...

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