Vegetable soap

The Merquat , titanium dioxide, colorant and fragrance are mixed with the soap base, which has been milled once previously. This mix is then milled three further times, followed by plodding, extruding and stamping into bars. 

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Figure 9.2 Conditioning vegetable soap formulation (a 80 20 palm coconut soap base, ex Uniqema Int., Gouda, The Netherlands bPolyquaternium-7, ex Nalco, Northwich, UK)...

A plain vegetable soap is the best way to clean your body, as commercial products—body washes, bath foams and gels, and bubble baths—may include harsh detergents that strip the natural protective oils from your skin. But this doesn t mean that bathtime needs to be boring. 

Methods of Making Soaps—Special Textile Soaps—Relation of Soap to Water for Industrial Purposes—Soap Analysis—Fat in So —Animal and Vegetable Oils and Fats— Vegetable Soap, Oite and Fats—Glycerine—Textile Oils. 

MACKADET 40K is a pure potassium coconut soap that exhibits excellent flash foam, good color and low odor. It does not contain any other vegetable soaps to increase its viscosity at the expense of quality. 

Features Exc. flash foam, good color does not contain any other vegetable soaps to inc. vise, at expense of quality Properties Yel. cl. vise, liq. typ. odor pH 9-11 36-40% solids Mackadet 107A-ND [McIntyre]... 

SNG Substitute natural gas. soaps Sodium and potassium salts of fatty acids, particularly stearic, palmitic and oleic acids. Animal and vegetable oils and fats, from which soaps are prepared, consist essentially of the glyceryl esters of these acids. In soap manufacture the oil or fat is heated with dilute NaOH (less frequently KOH) solution in large vats. When hydrolysis is complete the soap is salted out , or precipitated from solution by addition of NaCl. The soap is then treated, as required, with perfumes, etc. and made into tablets. 

Castile soap is manufactured from olive oil, transparent soap from decolorized fats and liquid green soap from KOH and vegetable oils. Soaps are sometimes superfatted in that they contain some free fatty acid. 

The term fat is applied to solid esters of fatty acids with glycerol (glycerides) if the fat is liquid at the ordinary temperature, it is conventionally called a fatty oil, vegetable oil or animal oil. The acids which occur most abundantly are palmitic ticid CH3(CHj),4COOH, stearic acid CH3(CH2)isCOOH and oleic acid CH3(CH2),CH=CH(CH2),C00H. Upon hydrolysis, fats yield glycerol and the alkali salts of these acids (soaps) ... 

Nicotine is used as a contact insecticide for aphids attacking fmits, vegetables, and ornamentals, and as a fumigant for greenhouse plants and poultry mites. Nicotine sulfate is safer and more convenient to handle and the free alkaloid is rapidly Hberated by the addition of soap, hydrated lime, or ammonium hydroxide to the spray solution. Nicotine sprays commonly contain 0.05—0.06% nicotine, and nicotine dusts, 1—2% nicotine. 

The quaHty, ie, level of impurities, of the fats and oils used in the manufacture of soap is important in the production of commercial products. Fats and oils are isolated from various animal and vegetable sources and contain different intrinsic impurities. These impurities may include hydrolysis products of the triglyceride, eg, fatty acid and mono/diglycerides proteinaceous materials and particulate dirt, eg, bone meal and various vitamins, pigments, phosphatides, and sterols, ie, cholesterol and tocopherol as weU as less descript odor and color bodies. These impurities affect the physical properties such as odor and color of the fats and oils and can cause additional degradation of the fats and oils upon storage. For commercial soaps, it is desirable to keep these impurities at the absolute minimum for both storage stabiHty and finished product quaHty considerations. 

Fats and oils are treated as commodities in the open market and are purchased in bulk. As commodities, their prices fluctuate with supply and demand. Furthermore, fats and oils come in different grades that reflect different levels of processing and have industry-standardized specifications such as the American Fats and Oil Association. In the manufacture of soap in the United States, the source of animal fats is domestic whereas the vegetable oils are frequently obtained from Southeast Asia, primarily Malaysia and the Philippines. 

Coconut oil [8001-31-8] is one of the primary vegetable oils used in the manufacture of soap products. Coconut oil is obtained from the dried fmit (copra) of the coconut palm tree. The fmit is dried either in the sun or over open fires from burning the husks of the fmit, with the oil pressed out of the dried fmit. 

Vatty Acids andFattyAcidLsters. Sulfolane exhibits selective solvency for fatty acids and fatty acid esters which depends on the molecular weight and degree of fatty acid unsaturation (40—42). AppHcations for this process are enriching the unsaturation level in animal and vegetable fatty oHs to provide products with better properties for use in paint, synthetic resins, food products, plastics, and soaps. 

Zirconium tetrafluoride [7783-64-4] is used in some fluoride-based glasses. These glasses are the first chemically and mechanically stable bulk glasses to have continuous high transparency from the near uv to the mid-k (0.3—6 -lm) (117—118). Zirconium oxide and tetrachloride have use as catalysts (119), and zirconium sulfate is used in preparing a nickel catalyst for the hydrogenation of vegetable oil. Zirconium 2-ethyIhexanoate [22464-99-9] is used with cobalt driers to replace lead compounds as driers in oil-based and alkyd paints (see Driers and metallic soaps). 

Lysol consists of a mixture of the three cresol isomers solubilized using a soap prepared from linseed oil and potassium hydroxide, to form a clear solution on dilution. Most vegetative pathogens, including mycobacteria, are killed in 15 minutes by 0.3—0.6% lysol. Lysol has a phenol coefficient of 2. Bacterial spores are very resistant. Lysol is also the name of a proprietary product, the formula of which has changed over the years other phenols have been substituted for the cresols. 

NOTE There are various types of organic contaminants that can be present in boiler FW, including trace amounts of pesticides and naturally occurring humic, fulvic, and tannic acids, and solvent-extractable oily matter, such as nonvolatile hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, animal fats, waxes, soaps, greases, and the like. 

The reasons for the introduction of the terms "lyophobic" (meaning fear of lye) and "lyophilic" (meaning love of lye) are even more obscure and appear irrelevant as they are virtually alternatives to the terms hydrophobic and hydrophilic. The terms originated in the early soap industry during the mid-to-late nineteenth century. In about 1850 soap was prepared by boiling a vegetable oil with an alkaline solution obtained from leaching wood ash with water. 

The alkaline product from the wood ash was a crude solution of sodium and potassium carbonates called "lye". On boiling the vegetable oil with the lye, the soap (sodium and potassium salts of long chained fatty acids) separated from the lye due to the dispersive interactions between the of the fatty acid alkane chains and were thus, called "lyophobic". It follows that "lyophobic", from a physical chemical point of view, would be the same as "hydrophobic", and interactions between hydrophobic and lyophobic materials are dominantly dispersive. The other product of the soap making industry was glycerol which remained in the lye and was consequently, termed "lyophilic". Thus, glycerol mixes with water because of its many hydroxyl groups and is very polar and hence a "hydrophilic" or "lyophilic" substance. 

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