Soap making

Ester hydrolysis in base is called saponification, which means soap making Over 2000 years ago the Phoenicians made soap by heating animal fat with wood ashes Animal fat is rich m glycerol triesters and wood ashes are a source of potassium car bonate Basic hydrolysis of the fats produced a mixture of long chain carboxylic acids as their potassium salts... 

Saponification (Section 20 11) Hydrolysis of esters in basic solution The products are an alcohol and a carboxylate salt The term means soap making and denves from the process whereby animal fats were converted to soap by heating with wood ashes... 

These structures are commonly referred to as hexagonal Hquid crystals. As the surfactant concentration is further increased, the tubules expand in a second direction to form large, stacked lamellar sheets of surfactants, commonly referred to as lamellar Hquid crystals. These Hquid crystals are very important in soap making. 

Other Sources. The four oils named above are the most commonly used fats and oils in the soap-making industry in the United States, but other sources are also utilized throughout the world, including lard or hog fat. Babassu oil, rice brand oil, and soybean oil. 

In soap-making some use is made of the molybdenum-bearing type for dealing with glycerine recovery from soap liquors containing sodium chloride. 

The alkaline product from the wood ash was a crude solution of sodium and potassium carbonates called "lye". On boiling the vegetable oil with the lye, the soap (sodium and potassium salts of long chained fatty acids) separated from the lye due to the dispersive interactions between the of the fatty acid alkane chains and were thus, called "lyophobic". It follows that "lyophobic", from a physical chemical point of view, would be the same as "hydrophobic", and interactions between hydrophobic and lyophobic materials are dominantly dispersive. The other product of the soap making industry was glycerol which remained in the lye and was consequently, termed "lyophilic". Thus, glycerol mixes with water because of its many hydroxyl groups and is very polar and hence a "hydrophilic" or "lyophilic" substance. 

Figure 1- 1 Flow Diagram for Armour s Soap Plant. Courtesy of Ladyn, H. W., Fat Splitting and Soap Making Go Continuous, Chemical Engineering Aug. 17, 1964, p. 106.

As biscuits are a long-life product any fat used in them has to be stable under the conditions of storage. Fats can deteriorate in two ways. Firstly, any fat can suffer lipolysis if the fatty acids are split from the glycerol. This is what happens in soap making, where the fatty acids are... 

Blend iodine value, in toilet soap making, 22 733t, 734... 

Groundnut oil, in soap making, 22 735 Ground quicklime, 75 28 production of, 75 54-56 quality control for, 75 70 uses for, 75 61-62... 

Fischer formula, 4 697 a-Ketoxime, reduction, 2 572 Kettle soap making, 22 723, 736-737 Kettle-type reboilers, 79 510 Kevlar, 70 211, 212 79 742 20 79, 399 TD resins in, 22 589 Kevlar fibers, 73 373-376 26 760 Kew laboratories, 77 248—249 Key-and-lock principle, 7 574 Keyword-in-context (KWIC) index, 78 239 KF alumina, 5 337 Kharasch process, 79 114 Kidney, citric acid in, 6 632t Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (K/DOQI), 26 823 Kidney failure, 26 813 Kidney function, normal, 26 813 Kielselguhr 22 402... 

Larch arabinogalactans, 4 718 LaRC-TOR series polyimides, 20 282 Lard, in soap making, 22 735 Large block carbons, 12 764 Large bulk superconductors, 23 869... 

Laurie monoethanolamide, hydrolytic stability, 2 455t Laurie oils/fats, 10 814, 825 fatty acid composition, 5 56t in soap making, 22 732-734, 735 Lauryl alcohol... 

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