Nicotine spray

Each 10-mL spray bottle contains 100 mg nicotine (10 mg/mL) in an inactive vehicle containing disodium phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, citric acid, methylparaben, propylparaben, edetate disodium, sodium chlo- 

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Nicotine is used as a contact insecticide for aphids attacking fmits, vegetables, and ornamentals, and as a fumigant for greenhouse plants and poultry mites. Nicotine sulfate is safer and more convenient to handle and the free alkaloid is rapidly Hberated by the addition of soap, hydrated lime, or ammonium hydroxide to the spray solution. Nicotine sprays commonly contain 0.05—0.06% nicotine, and nicotine dusts, 1—2% nicotine. 

For these reasons, commercial and homemade nicotine sprays and dusts are no longer recommended for use in organic gardens. Instead, choose safer control measures, such as insecticidal soap or neem sprays to control garden pests. 

The review was limited to randomized trials in which NRT was compared to placebo or no treatment, or where different doses of NRT were compared. The main outcome measure was abstinence from smoking after at least 6 months of follow-up. For each trial, researchers used the most rigorous deflnition of abstinence, and confirmation with biochemical markers where available. The review includes 110 studies, 96 of which included a placebo or non-nicotine control arm. These studies were used in the primary analysis. In this group there were 51 trials of nicotine gum, 34 of transdermal nicotine patch, 4 of intranasal nicotine spray, 4 of inhaled nicotine, and 3 of an oral tablet. Five trials compared combinations of two forms of nicotine therapy with only one form (patch with gum to patch alone patch with gum to gum alone patch with nasal spray to patch alone patch with inhaler to inhaler alone and patch with inhaler to either one alone). ... 

The AHRQ guidelines recommend use of NRT in the forms of transdermal nicotine patches, nicotine gum, nicotine sprays, and nicotine inhalers. The use of NRT is relatively safe, but it is not recommended for all smokers. Although cardiovascular disease is not an independent risk factor for acute myocardial events, NRT should... 

Tobacco and its alkaloids have long ceased to have any therapeutic importance, but their extensive use as insecticides and the demand for nicotine for the manufacture of nicotinic acid have stimulated interest in processes of extraction and methods of estimation. On the latter subject there is a voluminous literature, of which critical resumes have been published by various authors.Recent work on this subject has been specially concerned with (1) the development of miero- and semi-miero-methods suitable for estimating nieotine in tobacco smoke and the distribution of nieotine on sprayed garden produce, in treated soils and in tobaeeo leaves,(2) the study of conditions necessary to ensure satisfactory results in using particular processes, " and (3) methods of separation and estimation of nicotine, nomicotine and anabasine in mixtures of these bases. ) In the United States and in Russia considerable interest is being shown in the cultivation of types of tobacco rich in nicotine, in finding new industrial uses for tobacco and its alkaloids, and in possible by-products from tobacco plants such as citric and malic acids, i " Surveys of information on tobacco alkaloids have been published by Jackson, i Marion and Spath and Kuffner. ... 

Nicotine nasal spray delivers nicotine through the nasal mucosa. One advantage of nicotine nasal spray is that it relieves tobacco cravings quickly. One study found that nicotine nasal spray was 2.6 times more likely to produce smoking cessation, compared with placebo, at 1 year (Sutherland et al. 1992). The active spray was also the most beneficial among highly dependent smokers (Sutherland et al. 1992). 

The nasal spray is available only by prescription. One spray to each nostril constitutes a dose. Although one dose delivers approximately 1 mg of nicotine. 

Nicotine patch Transdermal Nicotine gum Buccal Nicotine lozenge Buccal Nicotine nasal spray Intranasal 7-22 mg/day (started at 21 mg per day x 2 weeks then 14 mg per day x 2 weeks then 7 mg/day) 20-40 mg/day 2 or 4 mg/piece one piece every 2 hours up to 10 times/day 20-40 mg/day 2-4 mg/lozenge one lozenge every 2 hours, up to 10 times/day 16-32 mg/day 1-2 mg/spray, one in each nostril up to 16 times/day... 

Provide nicotine replacement patch, nasal spray or mouth inhaler, gum, or lozenge. 

Robusta coffee has undesirable flavor agents that can be masked by the addition of L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninemethyl ester.218 The methylxanthine stimulant properties of coffee can be antagonized by spraying freshly roasted coffee beans with nicotinamide and nicotinic acid,219 quinolinic acid, or trigonelline.220... 

Table III shows the parathion residues on Jonathan and Starking Delicious apples from seven spray plots in the Mississippi Valley. Identical treatments were used on both varieties. The Starking variety showed a slightly lower parathion residue than the Jonathan. The difference was not great, however. In general, the residue after the final spraying was proportional to the concentration of parathion in the spray mixture. The exception is plot 4, sprayed with 2 ounces of parathion with nicotine-bentonite-oil, which shows a residue approximately equal to that obtained on plots sprayed with 4 ounces of parathion, alone or in combination with DDT (plots 11 and 12). The residue 2 weeks after spraying was only one quarter to one third of that found immediately after spraying, and 46 days after spraying only one plot (No. 14 sprayed with 8 ounces of parathion) showed a residue significantly in excess of 0.1 p.p.m.

The use of plant extracts for insect control dates into antiquity the use of Paris green as an insecticide for control of the Colorado potato beetle in 1867 probably marks the beginning of the modern era of chemical control of injurious insects. The development of lead arsenate followed later in the nineteenth century for gypsy moth control. The commercial production of nicotine insecticides, the production of calcium arsenate at the time of the first world war, and the use of fluorine, arsenical, and cyanide compounds, as well as other inorganic chemicals for insect control, were important steps in pest control. These chemicals were applied largely by dilute high pressure sprays or dusts. 

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