Vegetable oils world production

Performic acid is an unstable, hazardous percarboxylic acid, and must always be generated in situ. Epoxidation with in situ performic and peracetic acid are well established commercial processes. They find application in the epoxidation of alkenes, particularly those of high molecular weight. Many such epoxides are produced on a large scale, and can be classified as vegetable oils, unsaturated esters, unsaturated acids, a-alkenes, natural polymers and synthetic polymers. The most important vegetable oil which is epoxidized commercially is soyabean oil. World production of epoxidized soyabean oil (ESBO) exceeds 150000 metric tons per annum. Epoxidized linseed oil is also important, but produced at a lower rate than ESBO. Both products are formed by usual in situ performic and peracetic acid techniques.23,24 Typical procedures are outlined in Table 3.1.25... 

Benecke et al 2008). However, the main focus of the application of the ozonolysis process is in the manufacture of mono- and di-carboxylic acids from unsaturated fatty acids, including those derived from vegetable oils. The world s largest producer of azelaic and pelargonic acids, Emery Oleochemicals (www.emeryoleo.com), offers a diverse array of vegetable oil-derived products manufactured via the ozonolysis process. 

Although soybeans contribute about one-half of the world production of oilseeds, they supply less than one-third of the total edible vegetable fats and oils (Table 11) because of their relatively low oil content. Nonetheless, production of soybean oil exceeds the combined production of cottonseed, peanut, and sunflower seed oils. 

Table 11. World Production of Edible Vegetable Oils, t x 10 ...

For some time worldwide a systematic and large expansion of vegetable oil production has been occurring, especially in southeastern Asia in 1990 the consumption of fats amounted to about 80 million tons. Eighty percent was used as food, 6% as feed, but 14%—more than 14 million metric tons—was used for industrial purposes. By the year 2000 the world fat production will have risen to over 100 million tons [3]. Also, in the future the oleo chemistry will have a broad and reliable raw materials basis. Tables 3 and 4 give information on the present and future production of important fats and fatty oils and the composition of the fatty acid mixtures that can be derived from these fats. 

The total world production of natural oils and fats in 1997 amounted to 100 X 106 t, of which 80 X 106 t were of vegetable and 20 X 1061 of animal origin [28]. From these oils and fats, 80% are suitable for human nutrition and 14% end up in so-called oleochemical uses, among them... 

In the late nineteenth century and up to World War II coal was the major starting material for the organic chemical industry. When coal is heated in the absence of oxygen, coke and volatile by-products called coal tars are created. All sorts of organic chemicals can be isolated from coal tar - benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, naphthalene, creosotes, and many others (including Hofmann and Perkin s aniline). The organic chemical industry also draws upon other natural products, such as animal fats and vegetable oils, and wood by-products. 

Unsaturated fats, as noted in Section 13.3, tend to be liquids at room temperature. They can be transformed to a more solid consistency, however, by hydrogenation, a chemical process in which hydrogen atoms are added to carbon—carbon double bonds. Mix a partially hydrogenated vegetable oil with yellow food coloring, a little salt, and the organic compound butyric acid for flavor, and you have margarine, which become popular around the time of World War II as an alternative to butter. Many food products, such as chocolate bars, contain partially... 

First generation bioethanol and biodiesel production, which mainly makes use of cereal grains and vegetable oils, represents a growing source of high quantities of protein as a valuable by-product. Sanders et al. (2007) estimated that a 10% substitution of fossil transportation fuels worldwide by first generation biofuels would result in an annual production of 100 million tonnes of protein - about four times the proteins requirement of the world s human population. A direct result of this would be the saturation of traditional protein markets. New opportunities would therefore emerge for chemical production from proteins. 

This book is composed of 32 chapters divided into three sections. The first 10 chapters describe the world s newest biodiesel research. Included is biodiesel research at NCAUR, USDA, production of biodiesel fuel through bioprocesses, a biodiesel cost optimizer-least cost raw material blending for standard quality biodiesel, new catalytic systems for vegetable oil transesterification... 

Global production and export estimates for fats and oils for 2003/2004 are shown in Table 34.7. Approximately 39 percent of the world s production of vegetable oils, and an additional 20 percent of oilseeds grown, enter... 

The current world production of fats and oils is around 65 MM metric tons of which 30 percent is from animal sources and 70 percent is of vegetable origin. Fats and oils are composed of long chain fatty acid esters of glyc-... 

Cotton (Figure 1.1) is the most important natural textile fiber, as well as cellulosic textile fiber, in the world, used to produce apparel, home furnishings, and industrial products. Worldwide about 40% of the fiber consumed in 2004 was cotton [1]. (See also Table 9.1 World Production of Textile Fibers on page 130.) Cotton is grown mostly for fiber but it is also a food crop (cottonseed)—the major end uses for cottonseeds are vegetable oil for human consumption whole seed, meal, and hulls for animal feed and linters for batting and chemical cellulose. 

A mechanical mixture of milk with beef tallow under pressure was patented in 1869 with the name oleo-margarine as an alternative for butter and pork fats. Its production grew, but it was soon superseded by the introduction of fats made by the catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oil. Around 120 Mt/a of fats (ie., solids) and oils (ie., liquids) are produced world-wide of which ca. 10 Mt/a is margarine (known as spread in the UK), currently produced in more than 60 countries. 

The world s cotton farmers produce around 34 million tonnes of cottonseed annually in addition to the fibre. Cottonseed is used as an animal feed and, in the form of cottonseed oil, as a common cooking product accounting for approximately 8% of the world s vegetable oil consumption. Data compiled by FAO/WHO show the potential for pesticides to contaminate both refined cottonseed oil and cottonseed derivatives fed to animals. 

The primary economic rationale underlying the production of cotton is the trade in cotton fibre, which accounts for around 8o% of a cotton farmer s mcome In addition to fibre, the world s cotton farmers produce around 34 million tonnes of cottonseed every year . This high protein commodity is not only used as an animal feed, but is also a source of cottonseed oil around 3.1 million tonnes is used in the preparation of food each year . In total, cottonseed oil represents approximately 8% of the world s vegetable oil consumption ", providing the major source of fat and oil in Mali, Chad, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ivory Coast, and Cameroon, and forms a significant part of the diet of the Middle East (3.8 g/day), Far East (0.5 g/day), and Latin America (0.5 g/day). In total, as much as 65% of harvested cotton produce may enter the human food chain. ... 

Because triacylglycerols release heat on combustion, they can in principle be used as fuels for vehicles. In fact, coconut oil was used as a fuel during both World War I and World War II, when gasoline and diesel supplies ran short. Since coconut oil is more viscous than petroleum products and freezes at 24 °C, engines must be modified to use it and it can t be used in cold climates. Nonetheless, a limited number of trucks and boats can now use vegetable oils, sometimes blended with diesel, as a fuel source. When the price of crude oil is high, the use of these biofuels becomes economically attractive. 

Castor oil is derived from the plant Ricinus communis grown mainly in India, Brazil, and China at a world production level of about 0.5 million tons of oil. This oil differs from all other commercial oils in being rich in ricinoleic acid ( 90%, 12-hydroxy oleic). Compared with the common vegetable oils, castor oil is more viscous, less soluble in hexane, and more soluble in ethanol, all as a consequence of the presence of the hydroxy acid. This hydroxy acid has several interesting properties by which it can be converted to useful products. 

Multiple butter fat products, including butter oils, anhydrous butter fat, butter fat-vegetable oil blends, and fractionated butter fats, are manufactured around the world today. In the past, butter fat in the form of butter was the primary preservation technique. Today, the preferred preservation method involves the processing of butter fat to the anhydrous butter oil state, then hermetically packaging under nitrogen to substantially increase the shelf life and reduce the incidence of degradation. 

Table 8 gives world oilseed production data and includes copra. Table 9 gives world vegetable oils production and includes coconut oil. Copra meal production data are included in Table 10. 

TABLE 9. World Vegetable Oils Production, xlO t 1995/96 to Date (38). ... 

In 2001, 2.04 MT (million tons) of corn oil was produced worldwide (representing about 2% of the total worldwide vegetable oil production), with the top three producers being the United States (57%), the EU-15 (10%), and Japan (5%) (1). Compared with the 2001 world production of other vegetable oils, com oil ranks tenth, behind soybean (26.66 MT) > palm > canola/rapeseed > sunflower > peanut > cottonseed > coconut > palmkemel > and olive (1). 

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