Vaccines passive

Cocaine vaccine Passive monoclonal antibodies, active vaccinations Further studies are required for this novel approach. 

Human Papillomavirus (Types 6, 11, 16, 18) Recombinant Vaccine (Gardasil) [Vaccine] Uses Prevent cervical CA, precancer-ous genital lesions, and genital warts d/t HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18 in females 9-26 y Action Recombinant vaccine, passive humoral immunity Dose 0.5 mL EM initial, then 2 and 6 mo observe for 15 min after, keep seated or lying down Caution [B, /-] Disp Inj SE Site Rxn (pain, erythema, swelling, pruritus), fever, fainting w/ administration Interactions W/ immunosuppressants, may get decreased response EMS Convulsive syncope (fainting associated w/ Sz -like activity) OD Unlikely... 

Rabies immune globulin should be given as soon as possible after exposure and must be combined with immunization using human diploid cell-derived rabies vaccine. Passive immunization is not recommended for individuals with demonstrated antibody response to preexposure prophylaxis with rabies vaccine. The answer is (A). 

Immunization The production of immunity in an individual by artificial means. Active immunization (vaccination) involves the introduction, either orally or by injection (inoculation), of specially treated bacteria, viruses, or their toxins to stimulate the production of antibodies (see vaccine). Passive immunization is induced by the injection of preformed antibodies. 

An example of passive immunity is the administration of immune globulins (see Summary Drug Table Agents for Passive Immunity), such as hepatitis B immune globulin. Administration of this vaccine is an attempt to prevent hepatitis B after the individual has been exposed to the virus. 

Vaccine safety is monitored by the FDA and CDC through a passive reporting system that allows anyone, health professionals or lay public, to report any event. Health care professionals are bound by federal regulation to report certain adverse events (Table 83-2). Additionally, any serious, life-threatening or unusual reactions should also be reported. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) can be found at http //vaers.hhs.gov. 

El-Kasmi, K. C., Fillon, S., Thiesen, D. M., Hartter, H., Brons, N. H. C. and Muller, C. P. (2000), Neutralization of measles virus wild-type isolates after immunization with a synthetic peptide vaccine which is not recognized by neutralizing passive antibodies , J. Gen. Virol., 81, 729-735. 

The most widely studied therapeutic proteins produced in plants include monoclonal antibodies for passive immunotherapy and antigens for use as oral vaccines [40]. Antibodies against dental caries, rheumatoid arthritis, cholera, E. coli diarrhea, malaria, certain cancers, Norwalk virus, HIV, rhinovirus, influenza, hepatitis B virus and herpes simplex virus have been produced in transgenic plants. However, the anti-Streptococcus mutans secretory antibody for the prevention of dental caries is the only plant-derived antibody currently in Phase II clinical trials [40]. Until recently, most antibodies were expressed in tobacco, potato, alfalfa, soybean, rice and wheat [9], It has been estimated that for every 170 tons of harvested tobacco, 100 tons represents harvested leaves. A single hectare could thus yield 50 kg of secretory IgA [3, 41]. Furthermore, it has been estimated that the cost of antibody production in plants is half that in transgenic animals and 20 times lower than in mammalian cell cul-... 

Treatment primarily consists of supportive care. Ventilate patient if they have difficulty breathing and administer oxygen. Be prepared to treat for shock. Monitor and support cardiac and respiratory functions as necessary. If the identity of the toxin is known, administer antidote if available. Unlike chemical agents, toxins can cause an immune response. Vaccines are available for some toxins but generally require more than 4 weeks for the body to produce antibodies. Passive immunotherapy is effective for some neurotoxins but must be instituted shortly after exposure. The utility of antibody therapy drops sharply at or shortly after the onset of the first signs of disease. 

Polyclonal antibody preparations have been used to induce passive immunity against a range of foreign (harmful) agents, and vaccines are used efficiently, and safely, to promote active immunization. Adjuvants are usually co-administered with the vaccine preparation, in order to enhance the immune response against the vaccine. 

Prophylaxis of HBV can be achieved by vaccination or by passive immunity in postexposure cases with hepatitis B immunoglobulin. 

Two products are available for prevention of hepatitis B infection hepatitis B vaccine, which provides active immunity, and hepatitis B immune-globulin (HBIg), which provides temporary passive immunity. 

If a patient has been exposed to rabies, the treatment objectives consist of thorough irrigation of the wound, tetanus prophylaxis, antibiotic prophylaxis (if indicated), and immunization. Postexposure prophylaxis immunization consists of both passive antibody administration and vaccine administration. 

The monitoring system was a stimulated passive surveillance system. In other words, when vaccines purchased with federal funds were administered in the public sector, Important Information forms were given to recipients or their parents or guardians instructing them to report any illnesses requiring medical attention that occurred within four weeks of vaccination. System coordinators at each immunization project or grantee site and the state health department completed standardized forms that were reviewed for consistency and completeness and then forwarded to the CDC for data entry and analysis. 

As is documented in Table 2, the induction of anti-carbohydrate immune responses has been successfully demonstrated for many peptides. However, certain challenges remain. Often, the induced antibody titer (concentration) directed against the carbohydrate is rather weak, especially in comparison to the anti-peptide response the majority of antibodies recognize the peptide presumably in a nonmimetic conformation. Several recent studies have investigated these immime responses in more detail, with an extensive analysis of antibody isotypes and adjuvant effects [70,75], the effect of different protein carriers [194], the use of DNA vaccines [48,195], and the demonstration of protection by passive immunization [72,75,194]. In several cases, the anti-carbohydrate immune response has also been shown to be protective against infection in mice [30,72,75,78], and these cases are probably the most promising for the development of vaccines. 

Treatment of blood disorders such as haemophilia A or B Vaccination against various diseases Passive immunization against various diseases Treatment of diabetes mellitus Thrombolytic agents, digestive aids, debriding agents (i.e. cleansing of wounds)... 

Three basic approaches are used to control viral diseases vaccination, antiviral chemotherapy, and stimulation of host resistance mechanisms. Vaccination has been used successfully to prevent measles, rubella, mumps, poliomyelitis, yellow fever, smallpox, chickenpox, and hepatitis B. Unfortunately, the usefulness of vaccines appears to be limited when many stereotypes are involved (e.g., rhinoviruses, HIV). Furthermore, vaccines have little or no use once the infection has been established because they cannot prevent the spread of active infections within the host. Passive immunization with human immune globulin, equine antiserum, or antiserum from vaccinated humans can be used to assist the body s own defense mechanisms. Intramuscular preparations of immune globulin may be used to prevent infection following viral exposure and as replacement therapy in individuals with antibody deficiencies. Peak plasma concentrations of intramuscular immune globulins occur in about 2 days. In contrast, intravenously administered immune globulin provides immediate passive immunity. 

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