Vaccination, Staphylococcus aureus

A previous healthy 3.5-month-old infant developed bullous pemphigoid 3 days after receiving a first dose of DTP-IPV vaccine. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from purulent bullae. The lesions resolved rapidly after treatment with antibiotics and methylpred-nisolone. 

Protopopov SV (1974) Treatment of the experimental comeal ulcer caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Materials of the Scientific Symposium dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the Tbilisi Scientific Research Institute of Vaccine and Sera. Tbilisi, Georgia, pp 422-424... 

It has been possible to produce vaccines to use for immunization against certain bacterial infections and other human diseases. Staphylococcus aureus capsular polysaccharide in combination with a carrier protein has been used to prepare monovalent vaccines specific for S. aureus [86], The vaccine was administered to groups of healthy adults and to patients with end-stage renal disease. The antibodies are directed at the polysaccharide moiety of the glycoconjugate. The data of this study show that conjugate-induced antibodies to S. aureus can provide partial protection against S. aureus bacteremia, Fig. (45). 

Osteomyelitis may be acute or chronic and the causative bacteria arrive in the bloodstream or are implanted directly (through a compound fracture, chronic local infection of local tissue, or surgical operation). Staphylococcus aureus is the commonest isolate in all patient groups but Haemophilus influenzae is frequently seen in children (much reduced now by the Hib vaccine), and Salmonella species in the tropics. Chronic osteomyelitis of the lower limbs (especially when underlying chronic skin infection in the elderly) frequently involves obligate anaerobes (such as Bacteroides species) and coliforms. 

Starting in the 1920s, very many different mixed bacterial vaccine products (including inactivated bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus. Streptococcus species. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, H. influenzae) were marketed worldwide. Currently, there are still several products available in European countries, and one product in the USA. Most vaccines have been used for treatment of recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory tract. The efficacy of these products is doubtful. Delayed hypersensitivity to bacterial products is common. Delayed reactions, sometimes associated with vague malaise or myalgia, can occur after the administration of maintenance doses for months. If delayed skin reactions are accompanied by any systemic symptoms, administration of the mixed vaccine should be drastically reduced or stopped (87). 

While most polysaccharide antigens act in a T-cell independent fashion, zwitterionic polysaccharides have been shown to induce T-cell mediated immunity [358]. Several bacteria produce zwitterionic CPS, which contain both free amine and free carboxyl groups in the repeating unit. These include CPS types 5 and 8 of Staphylococcus aureus, PSA from B. frag-ilis and the type 1 S. pneumoniae polysaccharide (O Fig. 28). Vaccination with zwitterionic polysaccharides have been shown to produce T-cell mediated immunity in mice [359], and vaccines based on zwitterionic CPS may be useful for combating several common bacterial pathogens. 

Other than the above-mentioned drugs, vaccines targeted at the glycoprotein on the surface of Staphylococcus aureus (a Gram-positive bacterium) are now under development [136]. Research on development of drugs targeted at the specific carbohydrates of protozoan parasites [137,138], and viruses such as HIV is also under way [139,140]. 

Glycoconjugate vaccines from other capsular polysaccharides are in preclinical or clinical evaluation steps for Group B Streptococcus, Salmonella typhi. Shigellosis, Cholera, and Staphylococcus aureus. 

Vytvytska, O., Nagy, E., Bluggel, M., Meyer, H.E., Kurzbauer, R., Huber, L.A., and Klade, C.S. 2002, Identification of vaccine candidate antigens of Staphylococcus aureus by serological proteome analysis. Proteomics 2 580-590. 

Staphylococcal entero-toxin B Enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, may be inhaled or ingested. Onset as eariy as 3-4 hours, duration 3-4 days. Fever, chills, myalgia, cough, dyspnea, headache, nausea, vomiting symptoms usual onset 8-12 hours after exposure. Treatment supportive. Victims are not contagious, do not need isolation. Vaccine and immunotherapy effective in animals. 

PLGA Protective effect of recombinant staphylococcal enterotoxin A Vaccination against Staphylococcus aureus infection [56]... 

Dreesen, I.A.J., Charpin-EI Hamri, G., and Fussenegger, M. (2010) Heat-stable oral alga-based vaccine protects mice from Staphylococcus aureus infection. 

Maira-Litran, T., Kropec, A., Goldmann, D. A., and Pier, G. B. (2005) Comparative opsonic and protective activities of Staphylococcus aureus conjugate vaccines containing native or deacetylated Staphylococcal Poly-N-acetyl-beta-(l-6)-glucosamine. Infect. Immun. 73, 6752-6762. 

Bubeck Wardenburg J, Schneewind O. Vaccine protection against Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia J Exp Med 2008 205 287-294. 

There are no vaccines against bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium difficile and Acine-tobacter baumannii, which together are responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections, ranging from septicemia to pneumonia and... 

Another tactic to foil the survival efforts of evolving pathogens was unveiled in 2007. A synthetic polyamide (polypeptide. Section 26-4) was built that causes the immune system to prepare antibodies against resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, responsible for nearly 100,000 infections and 20,000 deaths each year. Such substances have the potential to give rise to entirely novel vaccination strategies that could save thousands of lives. 

Glucosamines are involved in several important biological processes including cell-cell adhesion and immime response. Poly i8(1 6)glucosamines in particular, is an in vivo-expressed surface polysaccharide in human Staphylococcus aureus infections [39] and is a vaccine candidate [40]. A methodology... 

---