Entero toxins

Langer K, Breuer K, Kapp A, Werfel T Staphylococcus aureus-derived entero-toxins enhance house dust mite-induced patch test reactions in atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2007 16 124-129. 

Holmgren, J. Lonnroth, I. Structure and function of entero-toxins and their receptors, in l+3rd Nobel Symposium, Ouchter-lony, 0. and Holmgren, J., Eds. "Cholera and Related Diarrheas. Molecular Aspects on a Global Health Problem" Karger Basel, 1979, in press. 

J. P. Thompson and C. L. Schengrund, Oligosaccharide derivatized dendrimers Defined multivalent inhibitors of the adherence of the cholera toxin B subunit and the heat labile entero-toxin of Escherichia coli to GM1, Glycoconjugate J., 14 (1997) 837-845. 

De Silva, M. S., Zhang, Y, Hesketh, P. J., Maclay, G. J., Gendel, S. M., and Stettei J. R. Impedance based sensing of the specific binding reaction between staphylococcus entero-toxin-B and its antibody on an ultra-thin platinum film. Biosens. Bioelectron. 1995, 10, 675-682. 

The most serious adverse effect is antibiotic-associated (pseudomembranous) colitis (see p. 210) usually due to opportunistic infection of the bowel with Clostridium difficile which produces an entero-toxin clindamycin should be stopped if any diarrhoea occurs. 

A few cases of toxic shock were reported after facial peels with Baker s solution in 1982, 1983 and 1987 and after rhinoplasty in 1983. Todd and colleagues described the first cases of toxic shock syndrome in 1978 as a result of the use of certain tampons, ft appears to be caused by an entero-toxin F and/or exotoxin C with the same molecular weight (22 000), secreted by Staphylococcus aureus. Other authors suspect that the two toxins are really one and the same. ... 

Several E. coli strains also elaborate heat-labile entero-toxins that cause diarrheal disease ( traveller s diarrhea) by similar mechanisms. In V. cholerae, the same enterotoxin is produced by all pathogenic strains and is chro-mosomally determined, whereas in E. coli, different en-terotoxins are produced and the toxin genes are carried on plasmids. 

One or more plasmids are usually found in clinical isolates of S. aureus. There are at least three families of S. aureus plasmids (Novick 1990), which are classified into fifteen incompatibility groups (Novick 1987). Most plasmids that have been desaibed encode antimicrobial resistance determinants, and some have also been attributed other clinically significant properties, such as toxin production (e.g. entero-toxins SED and SEJ, and exfoliative toxin ETB), whereas some staphylococcal plasmids are phenotypically cryptic. 

Fig. 4 Equilibrium surface plasmon resonance sensor response to staphylococcal entero-toxin B (SEB) in a solution of BSA in phosphate buffered saline (BSA-PBS). Reference-compensated equilibrium sensor response to different concentrations of SEB in BSA-PBS solution for direct and sandwich detection modes (a-SEB concentration 3 ixg/mL in BSA-PBS) [38]...

Toxins can be divided into groups based upon the mechanism by which they function. Protein toxins are created by bacteria. Protein toxins include botulinum (seven related toxins), diphtheria, tetanus, and staphylococcal enerotoxins (seven different toxins). They function by paralyzing the respiratory muscles. Staphylcx (x cal entero-toxins can incapacitate at levels at least 100 times lower than the lethal level. 

Staphylococcal entero-toxin B Enterotoxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, may be inhaled or ingested. Onset as eariy as 3-4 hours, duration 3-4 days. Fever, chills, myalgia, cough, dyspnea, headache, nausea, vomiting symptoms usual onset 8-12 hours after exposure. Treatment supportive. Victims are not contagious, do not need isolation. Vaccine and immunotherapy effective in animals. 

Labbe RG, Nollan LL. Stimulation of clostridium-perfringens entero-toxin formation by caffeine and theobromine. Infect Immun 1981 34(l) 50-4. 

A similar phenomenon was observed in sufu, contaminated on purpose with entero-toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Although S. aureus was able to grow in the high salinity of sufu, it was not able to form its enterotoxins (Han et al., 2005). 

Escherichia coli heat-lahile entero toxin Nucleotide-hinding component of adenylate cyclase 74, 141, 142... 

Schlosser G, Kacer P, Kuzma M, Szilagyi Z, Sorrentino A, Manzo C, Pizzano R, Malorni L, Poc-sfalvi G. Coupling immunomagnetic separation on magnetic beads with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for detection of Staphylococcal Entero-toxin B. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 73(21) 6945-52. doi 10.1128/aem.Ol 136-07. 

The protein kinase activity which was stimulated in rats by cholera entero-toxin was blocked by the addition of a ganglioside mixture. The same gangliosides were, however, not directly involved in the binding of gonadotrophin to ovarian cell membranes. 

Staphylococcus aureus, entero-toxins Buffer, milk, ground beef, let-tuce, potato salad Buffer, various PATHlgen lA, ORIGEN analyzer lA, ORIGEN analyzer 5-50 ug/mL b... 

The initial symptoms of cholera resemble those of ETEC diarrhoea there is accumulation of fluid in the lumen of the intestine, as a result of the activation of adenylate cyclase in the intestinal mucosa by cholera entero-toxin. Large numbers of vibrios can be detected in the spaces between the intestinal villi. Organisms appear to be able to penetrate the mucus that lines the intestine and reach the crypts at the base of the villi. The prevalence of cholera in communities possessing contaminated drinking water, with its associated high mortality, particularly in infants, has prompted many studies of the organism and the host, in an attempt to explain the... 

Toxic metabolites of microorganisms (entero-toxins, mycotoxins). 

Remarks Some strains are used as probiotics in animals, can produce entero-toxins (bacteriocin 31, enterotoxins A, B, P and 50) ... 

De Boer, M.L. and Chow, A.W. 1993. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 producing staphylococcus aureus isolates contain the staphylococcal enterotoxin B genetic element but do not express staphylococcal entero-toxin B. J. Infect. Dis. 170 818-827. 

Figure 6. Effects of substances with different molecular weight in extracellular fluid on the entero-toxin-induced bleb-balloon formation in HeLa cells.

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