Carbohydrate-specificity

J. G. Joyce, I. J. Krauss, H. C. Song, D. W. Opalka, K. M. Grimm, D. D. Nahas, M. T. Esser, R. Hrin, M. Feng, V. Y. Dudkin, M. Chastain, J. W. Shiver, et al., An oligosaccharide-based HIV-1 2G12 mimotope vaccine induces carbohydrate-specific antibodies that fail to neutralize HIV-1 virions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105 (2008) 15684-15689. 

Jeffrey, A.M., Zopf, D.A., and Ginsburg, V. (1975) Affinity chromatography of carbohydrate-specific immunoglobulins coupling of oligosaccharides to sepharose. Biocbem. Biopbys. Res. Comm. 62, 608-613. 

Kihlberg, J., and Magnusson, G. (1996) Use of carbohydrates and peptides in studies of adhesion of pathogenic bacteria and in efforts to generate carbohydrate-specific T cells. Pure Appl. Chem. 68(11), 2119-2128. 

Lis, H. Sharon, N., Lectins Carbohydrate-specific proteins that mediate cellular recognition. Chem. Rev. 1998, 98, 637-674. 

Carbohydrate-Specific Giycoprotein Detection After Eiectrotransfer... 

Protein fractions having lectin activity have been extracted from mitochondria, plasma, and Golgi membranes, and from the endoplasmic reticulum of mung-bean hypocotyls, as well as from total-membrane fractions from a variety of plant tissues.257 The carbohydrate specificity of the lectin fractions differs with the membrane type. It is conceivable that, in addition to cell-wall lectin-membrane interactions, there may also be membrane lectin-cell wall, noncovalent bonds. 

Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been obtained mainly from plants,1128,138 although lectin-like proteins have also been found in micro-organisms and animals,139 including mammals.140 141 Some of the properties of the lectins, and their utility as carbohydrate-specific reagents have been reviewed.1128,138,138... 

By taking advantage of the carbohydrate specificity of glycoprotein clearance and uptake, the attachment of carbohydrates to enzymes could provide a basis for rational, target organ-direeted, replacement-therapy, particularly for lysosomal-enzyme deficiencies. The attachment of the appropriate carbohydrate would promote the uptake of the enzyme by a particular tissue, or at least limit the sites where it would be cleared. The attachment of the carbohydrate might also improve the stability of the enzyme, both in the circulation and intracellularly. 

Ashwell, G. and Harford, J. (1982) Carbohydrate-specific receptors of the liver. Annu. Rev. Biochem., 51, 531-554. 

Application of 125I Radioimmunoassay to Measure Inhibition of Precipitin Reactions using Carbohydrate-Specific Antibodies, P. H. Boullanger, A. Nagpurkar, A. A. Noujaim, and R. U. Lemieux, Can. J. Biochem., 56 (1978) 1102-1108. 

To investigate this, we constructed glycan arrays to display carbohydrate antigens of defined structures and then applied these tools to detect carbohydrate-specific antibody fingerprints that were elicited by a SARS vaccine. 

Subsequently, however, the carbohydrate-specific binding site has been identified in crystals grown from the Con A—aMeMan complex(4). Growth of these crystals (space group C222,) was preceded by incubation of Con A with a large excess of aMeMan. The three-dimensional structure was solved at 6 A... 

The Absence of Carbohydrate Specific Hepatic Receptors for Serum Glycoproteins in Fish... 

Antibodies directed against recombinant erythropoietin have been obtained from rabbits immunized with the hormone and Freunds complete adjuvant [64], Two sets of antibodies are present in the serum of rabbits that have been immunized, Fig. (3C). The results of oxidation of the erythropoietin with periodate, Fig. (25A), reaction of the antibodies with lectins of known carbohydrate specificity, Fig. (25B) and inhibition of the antibodies with the structural monosaccharide residues of the hormone, Fig. (26), have established the types of antibodies to be anti-carbohydrate antibodies and the immunodeterminants for these antibodies are oligosaccharides with the following structure N-acetyl neuraminyl a(2->3)... 

In their interaction with saccharides, lectins serve as models for carbohydrate-specific antibodies, with the important advantage that it is possible to purify lectins in gram quantities. Furthermore, lectin combining-sites appear to be homogeneous and noninteracting, in contrast to those of immune antibodies. 

FIG. 2.—Schematic Representation of Con A Tetramer.22 [Ca, Mn, and S indicate the position of the Ca2+, Mn2+, and carbohydrate-specific binding-sites, respectively. I localizes the position of the hydrophobic binding-site present in crystals of the 1222 space group (reproduced by permission of Nature).]... 

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