Developing infant

Munro IC, Willes RF, True love JF. 1975. Absorption and tissue distribution of inorganic lead in the developing infant monkey (Macaca irus). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 32 128-129. 

Coe, C.L. et al., Early rearing conditions alter immune responses in the developing infant primate, Pediatrics, 90, 505, 1992. 

Infants require a substantial supplementation of AA, which is normally supplied through breast milk. Almost 10% of the membrane phospholipid content of breast fed infants was found to be AA in one study (Koletzko et ah, 1996). A crucial factor of the developing infant brain is the amount and type of polyunsaturated fatty acids they receive from their diet. That is, the ratio of dietary n-3 fatty acids (those in which the unsaturation begins 3 carbons from the terminal carbon) to n-6 fatty acids can be optimized to... 

Table 17.3 Agents and chemicals that affect the developing infant...

During the 1960s and 1970s researchers and physicians documented that heavy metals, such as lead and mercury, could seriously harm the developing infant. While high levels of exposure resulted in death or obviously serious consequences, the harmful effects from low levels of exposure remained unexplored. The laboratory I worked in designed and performed studies that ultimately demonstrated that even very low levels of exposure to lead or mercury could harm the developing nervous system. The fundamental issue was not death, but quality of life and the consequences for the individual, particularly sensitive individuals such as children. 

Premature infants synthesise GSH from Met at a much lower rate than fully developed infants [27]. Most recently, the same impairment has been reported in AIDS patients [28]. 

Although iodine is an essential nutrient that is required for proper prenatal development, infants are reported to be particularly sensitive to the effects of iodine (Baker 2004), and cases of infanf goiter after maternal use of iodine during pregnancy or lactation have been reported (Pennington 1990). Also see Editors Notes for this entry. 

Infants with PKU consume a similar volume of formula or breast milk as any typically developing infant. Thus, the caloric density of me initial medical food prescription should... 

Quintuplets (five developing infants) are an obstetrical challenge even in modern medicine. In 1934, the Dionne quintuplets were delivered by a country doctor with the assistance of two midwives. The infants were placed in a wicker basket that contained heated blankets and were brought into the kitchen and placed next to the open door of the oven to keep warm. All five infants survived. 

The proper application of developmental-behavioral studies requires the use of the most appropriate measurement instruments and study design features to assess sensory and motor functions, cognitive development, infant temperament, and neurological function. 

Breastfeeding also confers certain risks to the developing infant, including potential nutrient deficiencies (Kreiter et al., 2000 Pisacane et al., 1995) and exposure to toxins secreted by the mother into her milk. Advantages and risks are discussed in detail below. 

Neurological studies are described in a section separate from other toxicity studies because the scope of work defined for this project placed special emphasis on the potential effect of ingredients on the rapidly developing infant brain. 

O Connor MJ, Sigman M, Kasari C. 1993. Interactional model for the association among maternal alcohol use, mother-infant interaction, and infant cognitive development. Infant Behav Dev 16 177-192. 

Pinero D, Jones B, Beard J. 2001. Variations in dietary iron alter behavior in developing laXs.JNutr 131 311-318. Piper MC, Darrah J. 1994. Alberta Infant Motor Scale Construction of a Motor Assessment Tool for the Developing Infant. Philadelphia WB Saunders Company. Pp. 25-35. 

GI bioavailability of lead differs with exposed human host factors such as age and stage of physiological development. Infants and toddlers are widely assumed to have higher Pb uptake rates for ingested Pb than older children or adults, but the question remains about when in chronological development uptake rates for lead decline or begin to decline to those of older children or adults. 

Perhaps surprisingly, given their importance in the developing infant, the carotid chemoreceptors have minimal sensitivity to hypoxia at birth and become more sensitive over the first few days or weeks of life (10-16). Increasing hypoxia sensitivity of the arterial chemoreceptors after birth is termed resetting, and it occurs in both carotid and aortic chemoreceptors (17). Carotid chemoreceptor resetting appears to be modulated by the 4-fold rise in arterial O2 tension that occurs at birth (18-22), raising the possibility that peri- and postnatal hypoxia may impair carotid chemoreceptor development. In addition, perinatal hyperoxia causes... 

The authors of the reports mentioned below [23 - 24 - 25 -] highlight the dearth of data regarding long-term sequelae of prenatal exposure to 3.4-methylenedioxymetamfetamine (MDMA), despite preclinical studies suggesting potentially negative consequences to developing infants. This is the first prospective study involving MDMA. 

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