U.S. Forest Service

U.S. Forest Service, Wood Handbook Wood as an Engineering Material, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1974. 

The U.S. Forest Service scientists in New York have isolated and identified chemical sex attractants used by elm bark beetles that are responsible for transmitting the fungus causing Dutch elm disease. Examples of attractants are 2,4-dimethyl-5-ethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane (called multistriatin) and 4-methyl-3-heptanol. In field trials an artificially produced mixture of the compounds has proved attractive to the elm bark beetle. 

PAUL R. MILLER, U.S. Forest Service, Berkeley, California 

Several companies, in cooperation with the U.S. Forest Service, have been studying the effectiveness of paraquat in enhancing the quantity of chemicals produced in slash and loblolly pine trees. Results over the last 6 years show that there can be a positive effect and that beta-pinene is preferentially produced in slash pines by treatment with paraquat. Results reported on loblolly pine show an increase of 50% in tall oil content when correctly applied. The expected increase 

In 1969 an aerial photo survey by the U. S. Forest Service of the San Bernardino National Forest showed that 1.3 million ponderosa or Jeffrey pines (12 inches or larger, diameter at breast height) on more than 100,000 acres were affected to some degree (4). 

McClean, M.C., "Wood Handbook", U.S. Forest Service and Forest Products Laboratory Madison, WI., 1943. 

Countryman, C.M. (1964) Mass Fires and Fire Behavior, U.S. Forest Service Research Paper, PSW-19, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, CA. 

Fosberg, M. A. Heat and Water Vapor Flux in Conifer Forest Litter and Duff. U.S. Forest Service, Research Pap. RM-152 Fort Collins, Co, 1975. 

In 1999 and again in 2000, seven officials of the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife sent Canada lynx hair samples to the laboratory with statements that the samples had been re- 

Axelton, E. A. 1967. Ponderosa pine bibliography through 1965. U. S. Forest Service Res. Paper lNT-40. 

Raphael Katzen Associates, "Chemicals from Wood Waste, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, 1975. 

A57. Kalnins, M.A., C. Steelink, and H. Tarkow Light- 27A72. induced free radicals in wood U.S. Forest Service Research Paper, FPL 58, October 1966, 1-9. 

A study of the structure of surface deposits of residual insecticides aimed specifically at bark beetle control was undertaken between 1956 and 1962 at the U.S. Forest Services Pacific Southwest Forest and Range 

A global extension to this question is whether the world is as a whole down regulated or if carbon dioxide fertilization is actually occurring. U.S. Forest Service data for the past 70 years was analyzed to find if forest growth is currently 

Considering the continued development, verification and improvement of these aerial spray modeling techniques and their acceptance by the U. S. Army and U. S. Forest Service, we believe the concepts deserve wider use in civil spray operations, pesticide development programs and environmental assessment studies. We therefore welcome the opportunity presented by this symposium for discussing the mathematical framework of the models and to illustrate their applications. 

Full-time firefighters are also hired by federal and state government agencies to protect government-owned property and special facilities. For example, the U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, and Park Service offer both year-round and seasonal fire service jobs to protect the country s national parks, forests, and other lands. 

All treatments to be used in initial field tests were done with standard test coupons provided by the Forest Products Laboratory. These wood specimens are cut from Southern Yellow Pine trees harvested from U.S. Forest Service timber stands and cut into precision 1.5 x 6 x 0.25 inch (3.81 x 15.24 x 0.635 cm) sauries with the grain running lengthwise and a ring count of 6 to 10 per inch. By design, each sample therefore has a standard volume of 36.87 cm.  

E.E. Little, R.D. Calfee (April, 2000). The Effects ofUVB Radiation on the Toxicity of Fire-fighting Chemicals to Fish and Amphibians (Report to the U.S. Forest Service Wildland Fire Chemical Systems Program). Missoula Technology Development Center, Missoula, Montana. 

Barnes, R. L.. and C. R. Berry. Seasonal Changes in Carbohydrates and Ascorbic Acid of White Pine and Possible Relation to Tipbum Sensitivity. U.S. Forest Service Southeastern Forest Experiment Station Research Note SE-124. Asheville. N.C. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1%9. 4 pp. 

Woodmansee, R.G. Wallach, L.S. Effects of fire regimes on biogeochemical cycles In Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties, Proceedings. USDA, U.S. Forest Service, GTR-WO-26, 1981, 

Recently in 2005, we synthesized 10 g of (+)-endo-brevicomin, the minor component of the pheromone of the male southern pine beetle, Dmdroctonus frontalis [22-24]. We used lipase AK in this synthesis to desymmetrize the prochiral diol. Dr. B. T. Sullivan at the U.S. Forest Service is currently studying the practicality of the pheromone traps with a mixture of (+)-endo-brevicomin, frontaKn and a-pinene. 

Oil spills present many different variations in the manner in which they develop and react to cleanup efforts. The Alaskan spill that occurred on March 24, 1989, in Prince William Sound was the most extensively researched to date. The cost of cleaning up the spill also exceeded all other tanker spill expenses to date. A study reported by the U.S. Forest Service estimates the final fate of die 10 million gallons as follows evaporated, 35% recovered, 17% burned, 8% biodegraded, 5% and dispersed, 5%. 

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