Forest Products Laboratory

R. Kat2en Associates, Chemicals from Wood Wastes, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wise., Dec. 14,1975. 

Grain that is usable as food or feed is an expensive substrate for this fermentation process. A cheaper substrate might be some source of cellulose such as wood or agricultural waste. This, however, requires hydrolysis of cellulose to yield glucose. Such a process was used in Germany during World War II to produce yeast as a protein substitute. Another process for the hydrolysis of wood, developed by the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, uses mineral acid as a catalyst. This hydrolysis industry is very large in the former Soviet Union but it is not commercial elsewhere. 

Fig. 3. Wedge test crack length as a function of maximum Cu buildup at the oxide-metal interface. The adhesive was Cytec FM-123. The surfaces were prepared with the Forest Products Laboratory etch. The oxide morphology was kept constant. Data are from Ref. 115].

D. W. Green, M. Begel, and W. Nelson, Janka Hardness Using Nonstandard Specimens, Research Note FPL-RN-0303, Forest Products Laboratory, U.S Dept, of Agriculture, Madison, WI, USA (2006). 

F. L. Browne, Theories of Combustion of Wood and It s Control. Report 2136, Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin (December 1958). 

Mississippi Forest Products Laboratory, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762... 

Tang, W. K. Research Paper, Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Serlvce. 1967, No. FPL-71 16 pp. 

At the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), Brenden and Chamberlain (6) examined the feasibility of measuring heat release rate from an ASTM E-119 furnace. Three methods of measuring heat release were considered the substitution method, oxygen consumption method, and weight of material/heat of combustion method. The oxygen consumption method was shown to be the most advantageous way to measure heat release. However, data were limited to a few assemblies. Chamberlain... 

Brenden, John J. Chamberlain, David L. Heat Release Rates From Wall Assemblies Oxygen Consumption and Other Methods Compared. Res. Pap. FPL-RP-476. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Madison, WI, 1986. 

Madison An improved version of the Scholler-Tomesch saccharification process. Developed at the U.S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI. 

A comprehensive study of the properties of acetylated wood was undertaken by the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, and included an investigation of the mechanical properties of acetylated wood (Tarkow etal., 1946). The property changes were not significant, but there was some variation between species. For example, Sitka spruce and basswood exhibited increases in strength and MOE upon acetylation to about 20 % WPG, whereas yellow birch showed a decrease in these properties at 16 % WPG. 

As with so many research areas in wood modification, much of the early work in resin impregnation was performed by Alfred Stamm and co-workers at the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison (Stamm and Seborg, 1941). On the basis of this work, two veneer-based prodncts were developed (Impreg and Compreg), which will be described in... 

On the basis of the development work undertaken by BP Chemicals in Hull and research performed at Chalmers University in Gotenborg, Sweden, and the USDA Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, USA, a fibre acetylation pilot plant was commissioned in 2000 at Kvarntorp in Sweden. The plant has a capacity of 4000 tonnes of acetylated fibre per year (Simonson and Rowell, 2000). The process and plant are jointly owned by A-Cell Acetyl Cellulosics AB and GEA Evaporation Technology AB. A schematic of this process is shown in Eigure 8.5. 

The development of furfurylation began with the research by Alfred J. Stamm at the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, in the 1950s. This led on to an industrialization of the process, with production in the USA of furfurylated wood in the mid-1960s. Products included laboratory bench tops, pulp mixer rotorblades and knife handles. However, commercial production had ceased by the early 1970s. 

Chang, C.I. and Keith, C.T. (1978). Properties of heat-darkened wood. II. Mechanical properties and gluability. Report, Eastern Forest Products Laboratory, Canada, No. OPX214E. 

Tarkow, H., Stamm, A.J. and Erickson, E.C.O. (1946). Acetylated wood. Report, Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, 1593. 

The technologies that have been developed for wood modification have required the combined efforts of many hundreds of researchers worldwide. However, it would be impossible to study the literature in this area without encountering the pioneering work of Alfred J. Stamm of the Forest Products Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Nearly every area of wood modification can trace its origins back to the seminal work of Stamm. All those who work in wood modification owe him a great debt. 

Substrate Characterization. Test coupons and panels of 7075-T6 aluminum, an alloy used extensively for aircraft structures, were degreased In a commercial alkaline cleaning solution and rinsed In distilled, deionized water. The samples were then subjected to either a standard Forest Products Laboratories (FPL) treatment ( 0 or to a sulfuric acid anodization (SAA) process (10% H2SO4, v/v 15V 20 min), two methods used for surface preparation of aircraft structural components. The metal surfaces were examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) In the SEM mode and by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). 

Figure 1. Structure of a Forest Products Laboratories (FPL) prepared aluminum surface (7).

We thank R. R. Burgess of University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center Madison, WI (UWBC) and T. K. Kirk of Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI (FPL) for valuable discussions, and staff of UWBC for assisting in purification and characterization of enzymes. Funding was provided by Golden Forest Inc., Madison, WI, Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, PA, UWBC, and FPL. 

Microorganism. All experiments reported here were performed with Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 (ATCC 24725). Cultures were obtained from the Center for Forest Mycology at the Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, and were maintained as previously described (72). 

USDA Forest Products Laboratory, 200 USDA National Animal Disease Center, 417 University of Aberdeen (Scotland), 478 The University of British Columbia, 349 University of Florida—Gainesville, 450 University of Graz (Austria), 301 University of Iceland, 62 University of Miimesota—St. Paul, 247 University of Quebec, 111 University of Virginia Medical School, 62 University of Wisconsin— Madison, 95,152 VTT Biotechnical Laboratory, 12,426 VTT Food Research Laboratory, 426... 

Another plant using dilute sulfuric acid for hydrolysis was built at Fullerton, Louisiana, in 1916 to produce daily 5,000 gallons of 188-proof alcohol. The Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, assisted in the development and pilot plant work of both the Georgetown, and the Fullerton plants. The results of the work at these plants and in a Forest Products Laboratory pilot plant have been described by F. W. Kressman in U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 983 (1922). This bulletin describes pilot plant investigations on the following variables ... 

Experiments were continued by E. C. Sherrard and his associates at the Forest Products Laboratory. Special methods of treatment produced sufficient sugar from western larch to yield 40 gallons of alcohol... 

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