Oil tanker spills

Ironically, despite all this scientific progress, modern fiberoptic cables went into service during a decade of chemical catastrophes more reminiscent of the old Leblanc factories than of optical fibers superpurity. On December 3, 1984, a cloud of deadly methylisocyanate gas leaked from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India the gas killed more than 3000 people and injured up to 25,000. Two years later in Europe, a Sandoz chemical factory spilled 30 tons of chemicals into the Rhine River, killing fish for 120 miles downstream. In North America, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker spilled crude oil over 1000 miles of Alaskan coastline in 1989. 

Annual global trends since 1970 (a) number of marine oil tanker spills greater than 7 tonnes (b) volume of oil spilled Into the oil In thousands of tonnes from those spills. Source-. From International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Limited (2007). Statistics http //www.ltopf.com/ lnformatlon-servlces/data-and-statlstlcs/statlstlcs/ major. 

The first positive step is the remedial action of cleaning up the environment that has already been damaged by the release of chemicals. This includes the restorations following the disastrous accidents of mercury in Minamata Bay, the Flixborough explosion of a vapor cloud, the Bhopal leaking of methyl isocyanate, and the Valdez oil tanker spill. 

Transportation Clean up after oil tanker spills, and truck overturns Double-hull bottom in oil tanker ... 

In this article only the term evaporation will be used. Evaporation will be defined as processes carried out in process equipment conventionally classified as evaporators. This, in turn, implies that nonequipment-contained classes of evaporation, such as solar ponds and oil tanker spills, will be ignored. 

International Tanker Owner Pollution Federation (2003) Oil Tanker Spill Statistics 2003, ITOPF, London. 

Since 1970, by considering oil tanker spills 7 tons and above, approximately 5.74 million tons of oil were lost as a result of oil tanker-related incidents around the globe [15]. 

As per Reference 15, since 1970, over 1800 oil tanker spills, greater than 7 tons per spill, have occurred round the globe. 

Oil Tanker Spill Information Pack, retrieved on October 8, 2008 from website http //www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/. International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation, London, UK. 

Case Studies of Oil Tanker Spill-Related Accidents and Oil Tanker Spill Analysis... 

Billions of metric tons of oil is shipped every year by tankers around the globe, and many oil tanker spill-related accidents occur. For example, 2.42 billion metric tons of oil was shipped by tankers in 2005 [1] and according to the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation (ITOPF) since 1984-2007, 9351 accidental spills occurred between 1984-2007. [1,2]. 

From 1970, ITOFF has analyzed oil tanker spill-related accidents data and since 1974, it has maintained a database of accidental oil spills from tankers, combined carriers, and barrages. 

Over the years, many oil tanker spill-related accidents have occurred around the globe. The case studies of some of these accidents are presented below, separately. 

Since 1970, over 1800 oil tanker spills, greater than 7 tons per spill, have occurred around the globe [42]. Tables 6.1 and 6.2 present the annual breakdowns of these spills under three categories 7-700 tons spills, greater than 700 tons spills, total No. of spills of 7 tons and above for the periods 1970-1989 and 1990-2013, respectively [42]. 

Tons Oil Tanker Spills Spills of 7 Tons and Above... 

Year No. of 7-700 Tons Oil Tanker Spills No. of Greater than 700 Tons Oil Tanker Spills Total No. of Oil Tanker Spills of 7 Tons and Above... 

During the period 1990-1999, oil tanker spills of 7 tons and above resulted in 1,133,000 tons of oil lost, but around 73% of this amount was spilt in just 10 accidents/incidents [42]. Similarly, during the period 2000-2009, oil tanker spills of 7 tons and above resulted in 213,000 tons of oil lost, but 53% of this amount was spilt in just four accidents/incidents. 

Since 1970, around the world, there have been many different causes for the occurrence of oil tanker spills. For the period 1970-2013, the percentages of such spill incidences greater than 700 tons by cause are presented in Table 6.5 [42]. 

How many oil tanker spills of 7 tons and above have occurred since 1970-2013 around the globe ... 

What were the percentages of incidences of oil tanker spills greater than 700 tons for the following causes hull failure, grounding, and equipment failure ... 

Write an essay on oil tanker spill-related accidents. 

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