Yellow pine

The traditional material for pallet construction has been hardwood such as oak, ash, and maple. Yellow pine is also often used. Nails and adhesives are used to join component pieces. 

Fir Oak Oregon pine Yellow pine Spruce Redwood Maple Cypress... 

J. A. Erdman, B. F. Leonard, D. M. Mckown, A Case for Plants in Exploration Gold in Douglas-Eir at the Red Mountain StockweU, Yellow Pine District, Idaho. United States Department of the Interior Geological Survey, Open-File Report, (1985) 85. 

Rowell, R.M. and Gutzmer, D.I. (1975). Chemical modification of wood reactions of aUcylene oxides with southern yellow pine. Wood Science, 7(3), 240-246. 

It is well known that dogs track better in humid air. Rodents find buried seeds better in wet soil. This is important in arid climates. After rains, yellow pine chipmunks, Tamias amoenus, and deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus found experimentally buried seeds of Jeffrey pine, Pinus jeffreyi, and antelope bitterbrush, Purshia tridentata, better than in diy soil. The recovered number of seeds increased 27- and 15-fold, respectively. In wet soil, seeds take up water rapidly and emanate volatile organic compounds that the rodents exploit. By extension, variations in humidity in arid environments may have profound effects on olfaction-dependent behaviors such as finding food, social interactions, preying, and predator avoidance (Vander Wall 1998). 

The influence of environmental conditions on cache recoveiy and cache pilferage by yellow pine chipmunks Tamias amoenus) and deer mice (Petomyscus maniculatus). Behavioral Ecology 11,544-549. 

Full-scale demonstrations of Pintail Systems, Inc. s, spent-ore bioremediation process have been conducted at a number of mine sites in the United States. The first full-scale demonstration of the process for cyanide detoxification in a spent-ore heap was performed at the Yellow Pine Mine near Yellow Pine, Idaho, in 1992. In addition, the technology has been used at sites in Mexico and Canada. This technology and several similar bioremediation processes are commercially available through the vendor. Pintail Systems, Inc., is also working with Sub-Surface Waste Management, Inc. (a subsidiary of U.S. Microbes, Inc.), to further apply its bioremediation technologies in the United States, as well as in Europe and Asia. 

Drastic alkali resistance tests consisting of heating wood specimens in boiling 10% NaOH for 16 days reduced the crushing strength at the elastic limit for untreated southern yellow pine from 620 to 80 psi and for the wood containing 71% furfuryl alcohol resin from 2650 to 890 psi (56). 

Alcohols also promote wettability and penetration of the wood surface. This may easily be shown by the following simple experiment. When equal sized drops of distilled water were placed on the surface of a freshly planed piece of southern yellow pine, the times for the drops to completely soak into the wood were observed. On the early wood it took 65 seconds and on the latewood 179 seconds. When similar drops of 50% ethanol solution were used instead of pure water, it required only six seconds to disappear into the earlywood and 26 seconds into the latewood. However, if a small drop of adhesive syrup, with no hardener added, was placed on the wood surface, no adsorption took place at all. It was surmised that the viscosity prevented its permeation. When the adhesive was diluted with 50% alcohol it was readily absorbed and produced a red stained spot on either earlywood or latewood areas. This showed that the low molecular weight adhesive molecules could readily permeate the wood structure before condensation with the curing agent. 

Figure 1 Changes in color of outdoor weathered western red cedar, redwood, southern yellow pine, and Douglas fir in the USA. (From Ref. 16.)...

Cassava, lima beans, linseed, bamboo sprout, macadamia nuts, hydrangea, Rosaceae family (plum, peach, pear, apple, bitter almond, cherry). Sorghum species (Johnson grass, sorghum, Sudan grass, arrow grass), Linum species (flax, yellow pine flax)... 

United States 912,680 290,760 31.9 — <3 North-eastern USA, Los Angeles basin Pine, yellow pine, Jeffrey pine... 

Botanical Origin. Wood is a natural material familiar in at least some way to everyone. Wood is obtained from two broad categories of plants known commercially as softwoods and hardwoods. These general names cannot be used universally to refer to the actual physical hardness or density of all woods because some softwoods are quite hard (e.g., Douglas-fir and southern yellow pines) and some hardwoods are soft (e.g., yellow buckeye, aspen, and cottonwood). Nevertheless, the names do accurately apply to many woods within these two categories and thus can be used as practical designations for the two general classes of commercial timbers. 

Hawley (64) first demonstrated the complex nature of moisture flow through wood above the fiber-saturation point resulting from capillary forces associated with air bubbles and pores of variable radii interconnecting cells. Using Comstock s (65) simplified structural model for softwoods, Spolek and Plumb (66), however, were able to predict the capillary pressures in southern yellow pine as a function of percent of water saturation of the cell cavities. Such a quantitative analysis would be more difficult to implement in the case of woods other than southern yellow pine because their structures and permeabilities are more variable in most cases. However, computer modeling techniques are developing to the point where more general models may become feasible. 

Acetylation to a weight gain of 20-25% showed a 70% reduction in swelling or ASE (37, 38, 45, 46). Southern yellow pine weathered for 12 months decreased slightly in acetyl content. Its ASE dropped from 78 to 64% (38). 

Uncatalyzed P-propiolactone reactions in southern yellow pine (pH = 5) give a carboxyethyl derivative (JOi). High concentrations of p-propiolactone cause delamination and splitting because of the very high degree of swelling (9J). 

Figure 6. Decrease in brightness of outdoor weathered wood. Key , western redcedar , redwood , southern yellow pine and O, Douglas-...

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