Organic metal salts

An important factor to consider on the blending of polymeric materials is that most polymers are incompatible with polypropylene on the molecular scale. This might cause many problems, such as macro-phase separation during blending, low interface adhesion, low tensile transfer rate, and low physical properties, which may be even lower than the unmodified polymer. To sustain good fiber properties, controlling the phase structure and interface adhesion is a necessity. 

There are now polymer products in the market for the dyeability modification of polypropylene. Based on journal reports, Eif-Atochem and Centexbel, both EU firms, have developed polymeric additives that are compatible with polypropylene [157]. These compatible polymers imparted outstanding dyeability to spun fibers with selective dispersion dyestuff. 

In 1970, an acid-dyeable polypropylene fiber was described [158]. It was claimed that this fiber could be dyed like nylon and could produce one-batch union shades in blends with cotton and acrylics. The dye site in this fiber was present as a microfilament dispersed within the polypropylene. These microfibers extended to the surface of the fiber and water was readily absorbed in order that acid dyes could penetrate at a reasonable rate to react with the basic dye sites. Acid-dyeable polypropylene fiber products have been available from Phillips [159] and, from Polyolefin Fibres Engineering (PFE) Ltd. [160]. PFE has also introduced a bicomponent fiber readily dyeable with disperse dyestuffs [161]. 

Nickel complexes used as energy quenchers to provide UV stability can provide dye sites with some dyes designed to form chelate complexes [146]. In recent years, hydrophihc dyestuff with long alkyl graft chain has been developed, but it can only provide light colors. Several kinds of metal salts such as nickel stearate and zinc stearate are added before fiber formation to 

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For water, organic and water-organic metal salts mixtures the dependence of integral and spectral intensities of coherent and non-coherent scattered radiation on the atomic number (Z), density, oscillator layer thickness, chemical composition, and the conditions of the registering of analytical signals (voltage and tube current, tube anode material, crystal-analyzer) was investigated. The dependence obtained was compared to that for the solid probes (metals, alloys, pressed powder probes). 

Organic metal salts retard the development of color in the thermal treatment of PVC, and their ability to react selectively with allylic and tertiary chlorine structures according to Eq. 23 has been demonstrated with model compounds [19,32,113,115]. 

Organic metal salts have frequently failed to produce an appreciable chemical stabilization effect, either during dehydrochlorination induction periods or in later decomposition stages. While this does not rule out the occurrence of Frye and Horst substitution reactions, it does suggest that these reactions may not be responsible for the observed retardation of color developments [126-128]. 

Zinc hydroxy double salts are layered materials similar to layered double hydroxides which show intercrystalline reactivity and incorporate organic compounds between layers.337 Hydroxy double salts of high crystallinity can be obtained by reacting ZnO with organic metal salts in water. Zinc oxide crystals could then be prepared by thermal treatment of hydroxy zinc acetate.338... 

A water soluble liquid formulation (WSL) is prepared from pesticides that are highly water soluble. This is, by far, the simplest type of formulation. One distinct advantage of WSL s over other formulations is that the field spray dilutions are infinitely stable as true solutions. Pesticides that are hydrophilic and ionic, such as inorganic or organic metallic salts, often fall into this category. Unfortunately, only a small portion of all pesticides are adequately soluble in water. 

In addition to size, PM mass and number concentrations, volatility, morphology and chemical composition (e.g. organic, metal, salt content) are critical factors to be considered in the assessment of risk. The evidence regarding the relationship between airborne PM mass exposures (i.e. PM2.5) and patterns of cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality is quite solid. It is not clear, however, what chemical constituents may be particularly responsible for the observed effects. 

Organic metal salts Copolymers Grafted polymers... 

Partid oxidations of liquid hydrocarbons to e.g. alcohols, ketones, or acids, are often carried out in gas/liquid systems. A dissolved organic metal salt is used as a homogeneous catalyst. The desired reaction is very fast, but further oxidation of the product to undesired byproducts is possible. Under the prevailing conditions these reactions are much slower. This asks for an arrangement where the dissolving oxygen is consumed completely in the diffusion layer, so that the primary oxidation product in the bulk phase is safe from... 

When a catalyst is used in a dissolved or suspended form, separation of the catalyst from the mixture may offer a special problem. Suspended fine catalyst particles may be kept in the reactor by using porous filter elements in the reactor exit. Periodically the exit flow is reversed to clean the filters. Alternatively the separation may take place outside the reactor, and the catalyst has to be recycled. Dissolved catalysts such as organic metal salts will have to be precipitated and filtered. Extraction or adsorption may also be feasible. In all cases traces of a dissolved catalyst may still be present in the process stream, which requires additional purification steps. Eventually traces of the catalyst may contaminate the main product or the waste streams. Especially the removal of traces of metal ions from waste water streams can require considerable effort. To this end, ion exchange resins or complexing resins are often used. These have to be regenerated from time to time this operation creates again waste water. Obviously... 

Tanaka, A. Kanai, T. Thamal decomposition behavior and flame retardaney of polycarbonate containing organic metal salts effeet of salt composition. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004, 94, 2131-2139. 

Metal alkoxides are the most appropriate starting materials in the sol-gel processing. They are, however, sometimes expensive, not soluble in pertinent solvents, and not commercially or technically available. Alternatively, inorganic or organic metal salts can be used... 

Typical thermal stabilizers for PVC are organic metal salts and soaps, phosphite, esters, and epoxy compounds. Examples are barium/zinc carboxylates [46], barium/cadmium carboxy-lates [47], calcium/zinc stearate [48], lead stearate [49],organotinmercaptides[50],organotin sulfides, organotin carboxylates[51], among others. Costabilizers such as 1,3-diketones, dihydropyridines, epoxy plasticizers, P-ketocarboxylic acid esters, phenolic antioxidants, a-phenylindols, and phosphates are used to improve the stabilizer s elfectiveness. 

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