Heavy duty liquids

First P nmr chemical shifts measured by W. C. Dickinson (for POCh. PCl., etc. relative to aq. H. POa) Detergents (using polyphosphates) overtake soap as main washing agent in the USA. (Heavy duty liquid detergents with polyphosphates introduced in 1953.)... 

Because of its superior solubility characteristics, a high 2-phenyl LAS (with an alkyl chain length average of 11.4) was the preferred type. The detergency performance of one LAS/AE type of formulation was discussed previously (see Figs. 12 and 13). Early commercial heavy-duty liquid (HDL) formulations were built with phosphate, but since 1979 almost all U.S. HDLs have been formulated without phosphate. 

GC-MS gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry HDL heavy-duty liquid or laundry liquid... 

In contrast, for heavy-duty liquid formulations alkanesulfonates are an economically viable surfactant. An example for a typical formulation is given in Table 22. 

A. Sachdev and S. Krishnan, Heavy-duty Liquid Detergents, in K. Y. Lai, (ed.), Liquid detergents, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1997. 

Heavy Duty Liquid Laundry Detergent Type DN... 

Surfactants and Detergents Uses. Perhaps tire largest use of sulfonic acids is the manufacture of surfactants and surfactant formulations. In almost till cases, the parent sulfonic acid is an intermediate which is converted to a sulfonate prior to use. The largest volume uses for sulfonic acid intermediates arc the manufacture of heavy-duty liquid and powder detergents, light-duty liquid detergents, hand soaps (see Soaps), and shampoos. 

Fatty acid glucamides are used in dishwashing liquids and heavy-duty liquids. Benefits include improved mildness for dishwashing liquids and improved enzyme stability in fabric washing detergents. 

Heavy-Duty Liquid Detergents. The ease of incorporation and affinity of FWAs are crucial in such formulations. Heavy-duty liquid detergents can also be employed as prespotters that are applied in concentrated form to heavily soiled areas before the normal washing process. Bright spots can be formed, especially on colored fabrics, due to washing out of the color they are intensified by the fluorescence of the locally high FWA concentration. For this reason, FWAs have been developed which cause less pronounced spotting that cannot be seen. The main products in use are 10 and 21 [143],... 

The addition of bleaches to aqueous or nonaqueous heavy-duty liquid detergents will impose even more stringent stability requirements on FWAs [144-146],... 

These resulting nonionics can be used in heavy-duty powders, heavy-duty liquids, and hard-surface cleaners. 

Heavy-Duty Liquids, Heavy-duty laundry liquids have gained much importance and much interest in the literature over the last few years. Products in the industry today include both built and nonbuilt heavy-duty liquids. Built heavy-duty liquids are those which contain a builder such as tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP) or sodium citrate in order to sequester calcium and magnesium hardness ions. Nonbuilt heavy-duty liquids contain no builders and make up for that shortage by considerably increased active contents in order to maintain performance(8-14). Built heavy-duty liquids can have either of the following types of formulations ... 

Nonbuilt heavy-duty liquids can contain either a high ratio of nonionic to linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) or, more recently, a reverse type ratio. Typical formulations of these types of products are given below ... 

Again, the optimum nonionic of choice for this application will depend upon the type of soil to be removed in the laundry process. For example, Figure 3 shows the optimum nonionic for removing typical sebum soil (body oil) in a nonbuilt heavy duty liquid. This figure shows that the optimum lies in the circle between and C., alcohol at an ethylene oxide level of 60 to oO percent. The peak of this optimum would be in the vicinity of a alcohol with 70 percent EO. This is considerably higher in EO content than the ethylene oxide optimum found for powdered laundry detergents. 

Citric acid is used in soft drinks, candies, wines, desserts, jellies, jams, as an antioxidant in frozen fruits and vegetables, and as an emulsifier in cheese. As the most versatile food acidulant, citric acid accounts for about 70 percent of the total food acidulant market. It provides effervescence by combining the citric acid with a biocarbonate/carbonate source to form carbon dioxide. Citric acid and its salts are also used in blood anticoagulants to chelate calcium, block blood clotting, and buffer the blood. Citric acid is contained in various cosmetic products such as hair shampoos, rinses, lotions, creams, and toothpastes. More recently, citric acid has been used for metal cleaning, substituted for phosphate in detergents, for secondary oil recovery, and as a buffer/absorber in stack gas desulfurization. The use of sodium citrate in heavy-duty liquid laundry detergent formulations has resulted in a rapid increase in the use of citric acid. 

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