Optimum, biological

The main purpose of pesticide formulation is to manufacture a product that has optimum biological efficiency, is convenient to use, and minimizes environmental impacts. The active ingredients are mixed with solvents, adjuvants (boosters), and fillers as necessary to achieve the desired formulation. The types of formulations include wettable powders, soluble concentrates, emulsion concentrates, oil-in-water emulsions, suspension concentrates, suspoemulsions, water-dispersible granules, dry granules, and controlled release, in which the active ingredient is released into the environment from a polymeric carrier, binder, absorbent, or encapsulant at a slow and effective rate. The formulation steps may generate air emissions, liquid effluents, and solid wastes. 

Most target proteins of therapeutic interest are human or mammalian in origin, but some require post-translational modification during expression for optimum biological and pharmacokinetic properties. Bacterial expression systems do not allow most post-translational modifications. In those cases, eukaryotic expression systems are chosen. These systems, however, are more complex and require more time and resources to engineer, especially in mammalian cells. Consequently, the final products produced in mammalian cells are more expensive than those produced by bacterial expression systems. 

Structure-activity studies have shown the crucial role of the trifluoromethyl group in optimum biological activity of bleaching herbicides [38], Isoxaflutole (Balance , Merlin ) is a root or foliar uptake systemic herbicide with broad-spectrum control in corn and sugarcane of both grass and broadleaf weeds [39], Isoxaflutole is rapidly converted in plants and in soil to the diketonitrile form, which is the biologically active species (Fig. 7) [40],... 

Dose response Linear—establishment of maximum tolerated dose (MTD) Can be bell-shaped— establishment of optimum biological dose (OBD)... 

In actual practice, however, there are two distinct Topliss Schemes, namely (a) For aromatic substituents and (Z>) For aliphatic side-chain substituents. It is pertinent to mention here that the said two schemes were so meticulously designed by taking into consideration both electronic and hydrophobicity features (i.e., substituents) with acommon objective to arrive at the optimum biological active substituents . 

Artola A, Rigola M. 1992. Selection of optimum biological sludge for zinc removal from wastewater by a biosorption process. Biotechnol Lett 14(12) 1199-1204. 

A class of Protox inhibitors that redefined the accepted SARs and QSARs of the aromatic 4 position was the substituted benzyloxyphenyl heteroaryl area. As discussed earlier, SAR and QSAR studies of the phenyl ring of Protox herbicides demonstrated the need for halogens in the 2- and 4 positions of the phenyl ring, with the exception of the 4-chlorobenzyloxy group such as that of 4-chlorobenzyloxyphenyl tetrahydrophthalimide outlier 55 (Fig. 3.15) and reported by Ohta and coworkers in 1980 [79]. Chlorine at the para position of the benzy-loxy was reported to provide optimum biological activity. 

Composting requires special conditions, particularly of temperature, moisture, aeration, pH and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio, related to optimum biological activity in the various stages of the process [9],... 

Initial carbon-nitrogen ratios (by mass) hetween 35 and 50 are optimum for aerobic composting. At lower ratios ammonia is given off Biological activity is also impeded at lower ratios. At higher ratios nitrogen maybe a limiting nutrient. 

Under optimum conditions of anaerobic and aerobic treatment in activated sludge plants, up to 90% removal of phosphorus can be achieved. Biological removal can, at best, achieve efffnent concentrations of about 0.2 mg total phosphorus but more usually reduces phosphorus to about ImgUh... 

The neutralization of acid waters (and industrial wastes) and the maintenance of optimum pH for the biological oxidation of sewage are further applications. Another major use of lime is in scrubbers to remove SC /HiS from slack gases of fbsail-ftiel-powered generating stations and metallurgical smellers. 

The Cadila system [13] has been designed to formulate tablets for drugs based on their physical (solubility, hydroscopicity, etc), chemical (functional groups), and biologically interrelated (dissolution rate) properties. The system first identifies the desirable properties for optimum compatibility with the drug, selects those excipients that have the required properties, and then recommends proportions based on the assumption that all tablet formulations comprise at least one binder, one disintegrant, and one lubricant. Other... 

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