Type of Indexation

There are five basic methods of linking the cash flows from a bond to an inflation index interest indexation, capital indexation, zero-coupon indexation, annuity indexation, and current pay. Which method is chosen depends on the requirements of the issuers and of the investors they wish to attract. The principal factors considered in making this choice, according to Deacon and Derry (1998), are duration, reinvestment risk, and tax treatment. 

Interest indexation. Interest-indexed bonds have been issued in Australia, although not since 1987. They pay a coupon fixed rate at a real—inflation-adjusted—interest rate. They also pay a principal adjustment (equal to the percentage change in the CPI from the issue date times the principal amount) every period. The inflation adjustment is thus fully paid out as it occurs, and no adjustment to the principal repayment at maturity is needed. 

Capital indexation. Capital-indexed bonds have been issued in the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Their coupon rates are specified in real terms, meaning that the coupon paid guarantees the real amount. For example, if the coupon is stated as 2 percent, what the buyer really gets is 2 percent after adjustment for inflation. Each period, this rate is applied to the inflation-adjusted principal amount to produce the coupon payment amount. At maturity, the principal repayment is the product of the bond s nominal value times the cumulative change in the index since issuance. Compared with interest-indexed bonds of similar maturity, these bonds have longer durations and lower reinvestment risk. 

Zero-coupon indexation. Zero-coupon indexed bonds have been issued in Sweden. As their name implies, they pay no coupons the entire inflation adjustment occurs at maturity, applied to their redemption value. 

These bonds have the longest duration of all indexed securities and no reinvestment risk. 

In the United States, Canada, and New Zealand, indexed bonds can be stripped, allowing coupon and principal cash flows to be traded separately. This obviates the need for specific issues of zero-coupon indexed securities, since the market can create products such as deferred-payment indexed bonds in response to specific investor demand. In markets allowing stripping of indexed government bonds, a strip is simply a single cash flow with an inflation adjustment. An exception to this is in New Zealand, where the cash flows are separated into three components the principal, the principal inflation adjustment, and the inflation-linked coupons—the latter being an indexed annuity. 

---

A second type of index, the keyword-in-context (KWIC) index, arose during the early days of computer processing. The same entry would appear in a KWIC index as follows ... 

The symbol will thus be used to indicate a soft coordinate and 2 to indicate a coordinate that could be either soft or hard. The ranges of summation for each type of index will be those indicated above, and summation over repeated indices will be implicit, unless stated otherwise. 

Four types of indexes can be identified path-labeled, cluster-labeled, path/ cluster, and chain-labeled, denoted., respectively, by "Xp, Xc- ""Xp/cj and "ich- All calculations reported here are based on the zeroth- and first-order connectivity indexes, Xj x and x, x respectively, for the entire repeat unit and these are defined as ... 

Many different types of cost indexes are published regularly. Some of these can be used for estimating equipment costs others apply specifically to labor, construction, materials, or other specialized fields. The most common of these indexes are the Marshall and Swift all-industry and process-industry equipment indexes, the Engineering News-Record construction index, the Nelsotl-Fatrar refinery construction index, and the Chemical Engineering plant cost index. Table 3 presents a list of values for various types of indexes over the past 15 years. 

For the order m > 1 there are several types of subgraphs as illustrated in Figure 2 Path, Cluster, Path/Cluster, and Chain. For the third order, however, there is no Path/Cluster type. Each type of index is defined in a manner analogous to the lower order indexes as a product of reciprocal square roots. 

Boughton system for isotopes, 259 description of contents, 410 guidelines for citing its abstracts, 185 types of indexes, 410 with patent citation, 202- 203 Chemical Abstracts Section Groupings,... 

For structures not belonging to the I-, P- and F-family a classiflcation has not been proposed because the problem is not yet been solved, how to define families in these cases. In coimection with this problem two examples may be discussed namely CaCu3Ti40i2 or NaMn70 2 hi relation to the ideal perov te and RbNiCrFg andpy-rochlore in relation to the F,P2 type of index 8 (CaF2). The derivations of the NaMn70i2 structure from the perovskite stmcture (index 8) is shown in addition for each position the coordination polyhedron is given ... 

The most common statistic used for measuring any variation is the standard deviation. Think of it as a type of index about variation — the higher the index, the more variation. Because... 

According to the principle of classification of three types of indexes, determining the coal face gas emission evaluation index of Tongxin coal mine(shown in table 2). 

By studying the coal face gas emission characteristics, dividing the gas emission evaluation index into three types static index, dynamic index and key monitoring index. For different types of index. 

Resource environmental monitoring and evaluation index system is composed by many index, Different types of index have different meanings and some of the index are similar. Different index are also have different weight. 

The ability to index a specific chemical structure graphically has been available for quite some time. Telesystemes-DARC launched a commercial system for this purpose in 1979 CAS has been doing this type of indexing in-house since the late 1960s. However, the structures reported in patents present some unique problems chemicals are described not as individual entities, but as famihes of compounds represented by a base structure with variable groups and some possibilities of the compounds protected by the patent are represented as generic terms only. 

A good index is an important part of any manual, yet it is rarely provided. There are two types of index the Table of Contents at the beginning of the manual, and the topic index at the end. The Table of Contents shows the organization of the manual but it does not purport to provide much detail. It gives the reader an idea as to what the major topics are, and where they are to be foimd. The index identifies the location of specific topics and words. Each piece of information in the manual should be indexed in as many different ways as possible so that it can be accessed by different approaches. 

The features considered in the design of index-linked bonds are the type of index, the indexation lag, the coupon frequency, and the type of indexation. 

Although isothermal (KI) and linear (LRI) retention indices have close values, they are not identical. Therefore, when reporting retention indices it is important to indicate what type of index was calculated. LRI actually depend on the initial column temperature, the heating rate, stationary phase pelarity and its state (contamination, activity, and fabricant). In fact. 

FIGURE 14 Schematic cross sections of two types of index-guided lasers, (a) The ridge waveguide laser, (b) The buried heterostructure laser. [After Kapon (1989).]... 

The Dictionary of Carbohydrates is published together with a fully searchable CD-ROM. Space considerations have precluded the inclusion of indexes other than the Name Index and the Molecular Formula index in the hard-copy version of The Dictionary of Carbohydrates. These were considered to be the most useful types of indexing for users primarily wishing to locate carbohydrates. In contrast, the CD-ROM contains searchable indexes on the following 33 fields ... 

There are two types of index of refraction values which are of interest. The first is the phase index value, which indicates how fast the phase of the Hght is traveling. This lOR value is used in essentially aU of the related transmission equations, except for transit time. The second index value relates to how fast power travels down a fiber. This index value, called the group index, is the one of interest in determining transit times, and is the value employed when using an optical time domain reflectometer for distance calculations. The group index is often referred to as tig and can be calculated from the phase index using the equation... 

PROPERTY CLAIM SERVICES (PCS), a company operating in the USA, or PERILS, a similar entity operating in Europe, collect loss data from the major insurance companies after a catastrophe and aggregate them into an overall loss estimate. Risk transfer solutions based on these market estimates tie particular recoveries to the overall loss reported by the insurance market. By removing the direct connection between recoveries and particular portfolio losses, moral hazard is greatly diminished. If the event created a large loss for the insurance industry as a whole, it seems intuitive that recoveries for a particular insurer should be somewhat proportional to the overall loss. Naturally, this type of index works best for large companies whose portfolios mimic the distribution of the entire industry. For companies that operate within an industry niche, these types of solutions need to be tailored somehow since they may involve too much basis risk, the potential difference between actual losses and recoveries. 

Comprehensive indices coded by Committee E-13.03 for the infrared spectra in all of the general collections above plus infrared spectra abstracted from technical journals through 1972. These are available in two-volume sets for each type of index, with a total list of 145,000 spectra in each set. 

---