Grouping variable

PAHs introduced in Section 34.1. A PCA applied on the transpose of this data matrix yields abstract chromatograms which are not the pure elution profiles. These PCs are not simple as they show several minima and/or maxima coinciding with the positions of the pure elution profiles (see Fig. 34.6). By a varimax rotation it is possible to transform these PCs into vectors with a larger simplicity (grouped variables and other variables near to zero). When the chromatographic resolution is fairly good, these simple vectors coincide with the pure factors, here the elution profiles of the species in the mixture (see Fig. 34.9). Several variants of the varimax rotation, which differ in the way the rotated vectors are normalized, have been reviewed by Forina et al. [2]. 

There may be times when a DATA step with arrays is a better means to transpose data. This is true when the data to be transposed have more than one record per BY group variable or when there is a need to have the resulting data set include data that are not in the source data set. In clinical trials missing data is a very common issue. Let s look at a derivation of the previous systolic blood pressure transposition problem where visit 2 is always missing. 

CONCATENATE AGE, GENDER, AND RACE STATISTICS AND CREATE GROUPING GROUP VARIABLE FOR LINE SKIPPING IN PROC REPORT. data forreport ... 

This DATA step rearranges the counts data set created by PROC FREQ. The data set is essentially merged with itself three times in order to get each treatment into its proper column. A group variable is created to help separate the ANY MEDICATION row from the other true medications. Percentages are calculated, and the columns (coll-col3) are formatted as XXX (XXX%). Finally, the lastrec variable is created to help make a continuation flag in the PROC REPORT output. 

PROC REPORT is used in this example because there are no special pagination requirements and the pages can break wherever they need to. Note that the nl, n2, and n3 macro variables are used to place the total patient counts into the column headings. The BREAK statement on the group variable ensures division between the ANY MEDICATION row and the rest of the table. In order to get a continuation note at the bottom of the table, a COMPUTE block is used with the lastrec variable. 

PROC REPORT uses more of its features with ASCII text than it does when you send output to other destinations. For instance, order and group variables are repeated at the tops of subsequent pages when you are reporting to the listing destination. 

Although ODS PDF provides a convenient and efficient way to create attractive SAS output, PROC REPORT does not use all of its features when you use the PDF destination. For instance, ORDER and GROUP variables are not repeated at the tops of subsequent pages when you send PROC REPORT output to the PDF destination. 

Estimates based on European data are more scarce, and present other problems. In universal public insurance systems, in which financing is not based on premiums, there is no interpersonal (intra-group) variability in the drag copayment rates, or if there is it is very small. Therefore, temporal data are used to quantify the reactions of demand to normative changes in co-payment rates. The problem here is that such changes have occurred on very few occasions, and concurrently with other sources of variation in demand. 

The data tend to be imprecisely gathered (often because researchers are unsure of what they are looking for), and therefore possess extreme within-group variability. Control and historical data are not used to adjust for variability or modify test performance. 

Here x includes the data and group is a grouping variable. 

Chemical analysis, including group variables like absorbable organic halogenids or total organic chlorine. 

If the group means were all equal the between-group variability would be zero. 

Plotted points on a control chart are usually based on data collected from samples in a process. After a sufficient number of samples are collected and the data are plotted on a control chart, the stability of the process can be evaluated. A stable process is in control while an out-of-control process is unstable. Depending on the type of quality characteristic, control charts can be divided into two groups variable control charts and attribute control charts. Variable control charts are used to monitor quality characteristic that are continuously varying in nature attribute control charts are used to monitor those quality characteristics that are not numerically measurable.The determination of the centerline and control limits are described in Sections 3.4.2.2 and 3.4.2.3 with respect to different types of control charts. 

Period and group variables omitted 585.622 The F statistics are therefore,... 

Data in Table 10.4 are shown as unadjusted allergen response data (that is, without reference to the saline condition) because of inconsistent response to histamine as the positive control, and large baseline between- and within-groups variability. Results for Herbal Blend showed a trend toward a dose-response effect (Figure 10.2). No significant adverse experiences were reported and results of serum chemistries, hematology, and urinalysis were not statistically different before and after treatment from all groups. 

UACH To determine cost benefit of pharmacokinetic services for patients receiving aminoglycosides CBA Control group Variable costs, personnel costs, fixed costs LOS, clinical response Decreased LOS decreased duration of febrile period benefit cost ratio 75.84 1 and 52.25 1 ... 

Ch[ ] To evaluate impact of clinical pharmacokinetic service on cost and quality of patient care CBA Control group Variable costs, fixed costs LOS, clinical response, patient charges Decreased length of treatment decreased LOS annual cost savings 113,934 Used charges rather than costs... 

Figure 4.3 summarises this Main Group variable valence in a graphical form, emphasising the variation of the s"p " configuration against the oxidation number, for the respective first and second row elements. 

Figure 4.3 A summary of Main Group variable valence...

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