Static types

Media-Particle Size The size of the media particle is important. A relatively coarse medium (minus 100 mesh) is commonly used in larger-volume static-type separators such as cones. However, in dynamic sep-... 

To further our understanding of the behavior of unfolded proteins, it is necessary to employ experimental techniques able to discriminate between the dynamic true random coil state and more static types of disorder, including situations in which some ordered secondary structure may also be present. One such technique is a novel chiroptical... 

At this stage, it s usual to start sketching a static type diagram (see Figure 3.10), even though completing it is the focus of a later step. Draw a diagram that includes the nouns mentioned in the action specs and their associations and attributes. 

Draw a static type diagram of the object being specified, generalizing all snapshots (see Figure 3.11).8 Here are the attributes mentioned by each operation. 

Focus on scenarios what people actually do in their work. Keep the scope broad to begin with. As they describe the business, construct static type models to represent their vocabulary of concepts construct collaborations (use cases) to represent processes and tasks and the people and things involved in them. Follow use cases across departments identify roles rather than follow departmental structure. Sketch snapshots whenever there is any questionable situation. 

Make a model by adapting the initial statement of requirements, by interviewing prospective users, and by using domain knowledge and existing systems and standards. Much of the static type model will be taken over from the business model. The big difference is in the system context what the system is required to do and, more important, how people will do their jobs after it is installed. 

As you formalize the action specifications, you will find that the static types adopted from the business model contain superfluous information in some parts and inadequate information in others. Notions such as currently logged-in user are relevant only to a computer system. Adapt the model as required but the changes should be extensions and deletions rather than alterations. If you find yourself altering something, it is probably a mistake in the business model that you should fix or it may be that you are dealing with a slightly different concept, in which case you should give it a different name and model it separately. 

System or component type specifications A section that uses static type models and action specifications to specify the type of each system. 

Facts and rules Statements involving the names—definitions of them (such as constant or type or class definitions) and constraints (such as invariants, pre- and postconditions, and cardinalities of associations). Facts can be stated pictorially—in the forms of all the static type models, action diagrams, and state charts that we have been discussing—or in text. 

Although the static type model tells what snapshots could be drawn at any one moment, a snapshot may contain plans for the future (schedules and timetables) as well as historical data (audit trails). So a list of past loans would be a valid attribute of a book. 

The intent is to flush out useful constraints. You encounter this pattern when building a static type model (as part of a business model or component spec) it helps you to capture static invariants. 

Mary invariants can be constructed when there is a loop2 in the static type model two different ways of coming at items of the same type. For example, a Library s books can be lent only to its own members. We could write... 

Whenever you notice a loop in the static type diagram, ask yourself whether there is any applicable invariant. The loop can have any number of links, from two upward and a link can traverse up to a supertype. 

Each of the components has its own model of objects it is interested in. They include static types and reified actions (use cases). Examples are an object controlling the interaction with a user or, in the business logic, a long-term action such as loan. 

Our interpretation of a static type model of a component as being what the component needs to know about the world and happenings around it, and the way we relate a software system to a refinement of a business model, are fundamental to traceability from business to code. 

III. Free Diffusion Junction.—The free diffusion type of boundary is the simplest of all ir. practice, but it has not yet been possible to carry out an exact integration of equation (41) for such a junction. In setting up a free diffusion boundary, an initially sharp junction is formed between the two solutions in a narrow tube and unconstrained diffusion is allowed to take place. The thickness of the transition layer increases steadily, but it appears that the liquid junction potential should be independent of time, within limits, provided that the cylindrical symmetry at the junction is maintained. The so-called static junction, formed at the tip of a relatively narrow tube immersed in a wdder vessel (cf. p. 212), forms a free diffusion type of boundary, but it cannot retain its cylindrical symmetry for any appreciable time. Unless the two solutions contain the same electrolyte, therefore, the static type of junction gives a variable potential. If the free diffusion junction is formed carefully within a tube, however, it can be made to give reproducible results. ... 

Electrical conductivity measurements They were carried out in a static-type cell, designed for powder samples, which allows in situ measurements from the beginning of the pretreatment up to subsequent solid-gas interactions. The results refer only to the support in the case of supported metal catalysts,... 

The sample cell or vessel is usually made of stainless steel or some other inert material and ranges in size from 150 /i,L to 50 mL. It is most important that the sample vessels are rated for the maximum working pressure of the system. Cell designs are either of a flow-through (dynamic) or headspace sampling (static) type. Flow-through cells enable the SF to continuously pass through the sample. Static headspace sample cells enable the SF to surround the sample while the headspace above the sample is with-... 

The confining pressure may be either dynamic or static. However, the static type is typically used. In both cases, before starting the test, a small pre-loading axial stress, not exceeding 0.02[2Oy + oj in the case of haversinusoidal loading and 0.02[o, + oj in the case of block-pulse loading, is applied. 

Haynes, C. T. (1993), Infer A statically typed dialect of scheme. Technical report, Indiana University Computer Science Department. Version 1.0. Limited distrubution draft, contact chaynes cs.indiana.edu. 

Results of the static type of measurement have already been shown in Rgure 8.2. For amorphous polymers and many types of semicrystalline polymers in which the crystallinity is not too high, stress relaxation, Gehman, and/or Glash-Berg instrumentation provide rapid and inexpensive scans of the temperature behavior of new polymers before going on to more complex methods. 

The material is fed centrally on to the grinding table and carried by centrifugal force to the grinding ring on which it is pulverized by the balls rolling over it. At the perimeter of the ring the pulverized material is entrained in an upward stream of air and undergoes preliminary classification, as in the previously described mills, after which it passes to the classifier (usually of the static type), where the oversize material is rejected and falls back into the mill. The fines are carried out of the mill in the air stream (Fig. 41 a). 

P. De Boeck and B. Le Charlier. Static type analysis of Prolog procedures for ensuring correctness. In P. Deransart and J. Maluszynski (eds), Proc. of PLILP 90, pp. 222-237. LNCS 456, Springer-Verlag, 1990. 

Figure 4 A blend of the mineral oil of Figure 3 with a Vl-lmprover (11.5% W). The blend Is assumed a model Oil of the vlsco static type oil widely used In combustion engines. L/D = 1, 25 C, Pressure =. 1 MPa. (17).

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