Loss estimations

To follow through with the open-loop approaeh, there must first be a signal that warns the speed eontrol funetion of load loss (or breaker opening) and impending speed inerease. This is provided by a digital eontaet that indieates motor/generator breaker status. Next, a load loss estimate is needed. This is provided by a kilowatt transdueer on the motor/generator. 

The most common method of friction loss estimation is based on the D Arcy Weisbach equation ... 

Energy loss estimation, in scaled LP boilers Energy losses in low-pressure boilers caused 666... 

Release of N2O to atmosphere by variety of sources no significant sinks of N2O in the troposphere have been discovered stratospheric loss estimated by model calculations. 

Caribbean Ocean, Supertanker, Collision/Fire Two fully loaded crude oil supertankers collide 1 fatality, Loss estimated at 150 million... 

Condensate leakage caused explosion which impacted safety systems and spread incident 167 Fatalities, total facility loss estimated at 1,000,000,000. 

A fire loss that occurs with all fire protection systems in service, often described as the Normal Loss Estimate (NLE). 

An estimated fire loss estimate can then be calculated as ... 

Fire loss estimate = (Estimated cost to rebuild)... 

The estimated fire loss estimate establishes an upper limit of cost which can be tested against company, division, or business unit management criteria to determine whether additional fire protection features are necessary. 

Material Spilled ahc B.t.u./lb Weight of Material Spilled, lb Total B.t.u. s Property Damage Loss Estimated millions... 

All solvent components have very high partition ratios, as demonstrated on average SRS waste simulant [49-51], The annual processing losses estimated from partition data under the SRS conditions were <4% of BOBCalixC6, <27% Cs-7SB, and <9% of TOA [49], These values are upper limits, because the partition ratios were higher than could be accurately measured. Thus, there is no basis to believe that reagent loss by partitioning to the aqueous phase poses an issue in normal applications (e.g., SRS and Hanford). 

Stock price plummets and revenue loss estimated at 250 M for 2000. 

Methanol manufacturing processes in current use have been reported to consume forty four times as much exergy as the theoretical minimum exergy loss estimated above for the direct methanol synthesis [Ref. 16.). 

AP sites may be spontaneous or induced, and can block the replication. Instability of the glycosylic site constitutes the principal cause of AP sites formation. Cellular DNA can undergo puric base losses, estimated at between 250 and 500 per hour. AP sites can be regenerated during reparation processes by base excision and free radicals. 

An approximate relationship between the degree of undersaturation of seawater with respect to calcite and the extent of dissolution can be established by comparing the saturation state at the various sediment marker levels with estimates of the amount of dissolution required to produce these levels. In Figure 9 the "distance from equilibrium (1 - 2) has been plotted against the estimated percent dissolution of the calcitic sediment fraction. Within the large uncertainties that exist in the amount of dissolution required to produce the FL and Rq levels, a linear relation between the degree of undersaturation and extent of dissolution can be established. The intercept of the linear plot with the FL and Rq levels indicates that approximately 15 percent more material has been lost than Berger s (12) minimum loss estimate of 50% and 10%, respectively. 

Figure 9. Relationship between the distance from equilibrium (1 — Q) of seawater with respect to calcite and the amount of dissolution which is estimated to have occurred. (A) Adelseck s (11) experimentally determined amount of dissolution (B) Berger s (12) minimum loss estimate for the amount of dissolution at the Ro level and foraminiferal lysocline.

Unlike the radiant loss from an optically thin flame, conductive or convective losses never can be consistent exactly with the plane-flame assumption that has been employed in our development. Loss analyses must consider non-one-dimensional heat transfer and should also take flame shapes into account if high accuracy is to be achieved. This is difficult to accomplish by methods other than numerical integration of partial differential equations. Therefore, extinction formulas that in principle can be used with an accuracy as great as that of equation (21) for radiant loss are unavailable for convective or conductive loss. The most convenient approach in accounting for convective or conductive losses appears to be to employ equation (24) with L(7 ) estimated from an approximate analysis. The accuracy of the extinction prediction then depends mainly on the accuracy of the heat-loss estimate. Rough heat-loss estimates are readily obtained from overall balances. 

Less loss due to smaller overall holdup in handling facilities (average loss estimated at 0-5%)... 

We can continue the process if we want to get a slightly lower Fr. But at some point we will find the Fr will start to go up again. For our purpose, we will take an Fr of less than 2 as acceptable to proceed with the loss estimates. 

---